Colonial Beginning of Modern Theatre in India Essay Example For Students

Pilgrim Beginning of Modern Theater in India Essay Pilgrim Beginning of Modern Theater in India India’s brush with the West during late eighteenth and mid twentieth century had expansive runing political, financial, cultural and social impacts. In the field of theater this brush changed about everything †its signifier, way and step ( Jain 1992:61 ) . Set up in the British settlements in Calcutta and later in Bombay, the introduction of present day theater in India is blamelessly a frontier wonder. The bing conventional dramatic open introductions were seen as coarse provincial diversion and a disposition of disdain or detachment towards them created. The British worked with the reason that India needed showy human advancement and they accepting it as the ‘white grown-up guys burden’ to begin Indians into it and Indians promptly ventured frontward to duplicate and ingest western dramatic hypothetical records accessible before them. During British frontier guideline theater as a cutting edge signifier of narrating and beguilement a tiny bit at a time got built up in principle metropoliss like Calcutta ( East ) , Madras ( South ) , Bombay ( West ) and Varanasi ( North ) . The endowment of the cutting edge Indian auditorium started with the terminal of the laterality of old style Sanskrit theater or all the more precisely brahminical position witting theater and the moving of the topical show and performative convention ( Rangacharya 1975:94 ) . Ascent of Theater in Colonial India It is difficult to turn up the historical backdrop of around 200 mature ages of pioneer theater in the adjusting socio-political and social environmental factors. Theater in this period potentially found in three wide stages, first stage can be known as the provincial time frame runing from 1795 ( the creation ofDisguise) to 1872 ( the creation ofNiladarpan) , during this stage, Indian auditorium was in its imitative stage and stayed a way of diversion and cultural connections for a chose set of English individuals and flush instructed indigens. Theater design was restricted to the private theater ; a portion of the venue houses were work in the houses or forests of Baboo Prasanna Kumar Tagore ( Hindu theater ) , Baboo Nabin Chandra Bose ( Shyam Bazar Theater ) and Baboo Parry Mohan Bose ( Jorasanko Natyasala ) . Bombay theater scene had a comparable trip before the happening to the Parsi theater. The pioneer theater was carefully a recreational example and created trusting on wester n hypothetical records unconventionally Shakespeare turned out to be fairly well known. On November 27Thursday, 1795, Herasim Lebedeff ( 1749-1817 ) , a Russian with the guide of his Bengali mentor Golaknath Das arranged a Bengali adaptation of the English drama,The Disguiseat the Bengal Theater in Calcutta ( Barucha 1953:8 ) . Lebedeff made the interlingual interpretations and the performing specialists were all Bengalis. For Rangacharya this open introduction proclaimed the introduction of the cutting edge theater ( 1971:94 ) . At that cut the only theater bing was totally British like The Calcutta theater ( bolstered by Warrren Hastings ) with repertories ofThe School for Scandal,Richard III,Hamletand others. The English performance center engaged officials, merchants’ bookmans and representatives of east India Company. It was sole to the point that even Usshers and ushers were English ( Barucha 1953:8 ) By 1840 there was an interest among playgoers of Bengal to see theater that would go to the adjusting perspectives in the public eye and in add-on they needed to be engaged excessively.Bidyut Sundar( 1836 ) was among the first of these private open introductions. Organized in arranged pieces of the house including the nursery and the pulling room of Nabin Chandra Basu ( 9 ) the creation depended by and large on hello there tech showy gear imported from England. The show was a sensation of Annada Mangal, a Bengali section structure by Bharat Chandra. As a dramaBidyut Sundarwas ungainly yet it’s noteworthy significance was tremendous. It invigorated blue bloods like Jyotindranath Tagore and Pratap Chandra Sinha to support theaters by in private disparaging open introductions of Bengali dramatizations. The impacts of English guidance, the impact of western civilisation, the ascent of political awareness all made unsettling that offered clout to individuals to attack orthodoxies a nd to go to cultural corruptions. The first unique show in Quite a while Ram Narayan Tarkaratna’s ( 1822-1886 )Kulin Kulasarvasa( 1853 ) and laterNaba-Natak( New Drama ) ( 1867 ) both were cultural dramatizations on the unethical behaviors ofKulin( upper classification ) polygamy. Michael Madhusudhan Dutt’s ( 1824-1873 ) first brush with Bengali performance center was his English interlingual interpretation of a Sanskrit old style dramatization adjusted by Ramnnarayan Tarkaratna s dramaRatnavali( 1858 ) . He wroteSarmistha( 1858 ) , dependent on a sentimental scene from Mahabharata other than oppugning Hindu standards, his other dramatization calledEkei Ki Bale Sabhyata?( Is this Called Civilization? ) ( 1860 ) mocks an anglicized baboo Naba Kumar who stuns individuals by his eccentricities and in it we other than have medicines of female liberation and widow remarriage. In south India in late nineteenth century shows dependent on the new western hypothetical record were written in phonetic interchanges like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. A few names related with theaters were: Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar ( 1873-1964 ) portrayed as the building up male parent of Tamil theater, Gubbi Veeranna ( 1890 1974 ) a trailblazer in Kannada theater and Dharamavaram Krishnamchari ( 1853â€1912 ) an observed Telugu dramatist. The dramatizations contained stories drawn from breathtaking, recorded or cultural occasion however signifier and development depended on shallow impersonation of the shows of Shakespeare. Landfills: A Growing Menace EssayIn this stage Indian theater strived to get a singularity of its ain by rehashing autochthonal recorded or marvelous characters, during this clasp, one gathering of theater practicians like Rabindranath Tagore, Bhartendu Harishchandra and Jayshankar Prasad rewarded theater craftsmanship tastefully asDrishya Kavya( Hansen 1989: 86 ) and attempted to move away from trade wild around the clasp. The Third Phase: The Parsi Theater and Indian People’s Theater Association ( IPTA ) Late nineteenth century was the phase of the ascent of business theaters, the Parsi theater on the one manus and the development of the socially, strategically and socially witting Indian People’s Theater Association ( IPTA ) on the other. During the period 1853 to 1931, Bombay built up an enthusiastic dramatic human advancement adjusted in the covering examples of the Parsi, Gujarati, and Marathi theaters ( Hansen 1999:127-147 ) . This new urban performance center was prevalently known as Parsi theater. It emerged so as to gracefully beguilement to the expanding populace of enormous metropoliss ensuing upon industrialisation. It introducing dramatizations dependent on Indian folklore, history and tales. With its voyaging organizations, they made a trip to various pieces of the state and had a tremendous effect on their crowd. Western Naturalistic play, show and customary ordinary citizens signifiers made a mix for visual part of the business Parsi theater. A combination of colossal scenes, cover stage, beautiful foundations, exhibition, acting, music, temper and relationship completely added to the concocting of this theater. Agha Hashr ( 1880-1931 ) was an of import writer of the Parsi theater alongside other notable producers like Narain Prasad Betab and Radhey Shyam Kathavachak. Parsi theater other than had exceptional histrions like Cowasji Khatau, Khurshedji Baliwala, Master Madan, Fida Hussain Narasi, Having created in newly rising enormous metropoliss like Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai this signifier of theater performed by proficient gatherings was the solitary start of mass diversion before the outgrowth of film. The movement made a significant endeavor to pass on play nearer to the everyday citizens except its assault was brazen and direction was on a very basic level western. Truth be told, present day Indian performance center developed predominantly as a response against its underlying roughness and shallowness. Between the late thirtiess and the 1950s, an extent of occasions ; the pioneer atrociousnesss, the Bengal Famine of 1943, the Telengana ( in Andhra Pradesh ) and Tebhaga ( in Bengal ) commonplace movements, the Second World War, shared power, Partition, Failure of Nehruvian standards made interest for a substitute human advancement and created reactions in the signifier of stylish creations across music, theater, workmanship and move. Indian People’s Theater Association framed in 1943 utilized performance center as a political arm to show an other hypothetical record of social creation. It formally embraced the idea that music, average citizens signifiers and theater would be utilized for dissent and reaction to the skirmishes of a colonized state on the one manus and the multi-layered enslavement of the everyday citizens under both the pilgrim and the prompt post-freedom period. The regions where this movement was predominant were Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Delhi, Punjab, Maharas htra, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. The social crew of Binoy Roy made a trip over the state to advise individuals about the devastate toing lack in Bengal through their choirBhookha Hai Bengal( Bengal is Hungry ) . P.C. Joshi, the so General Secretary of Communist Party of India took the endeavor and the innovative people of the occasions Prithviraj Kapoor, Bijon Bhattacharya, Ritwik Ghatak, Utpal Dutt, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Mulk Raj Anand, Salil Chowdhury, Rajendra Raghuvanshi, Jyotirindra Moitra, Safdar Mir and numerous others came frontward and shaped Indian People’s Theater Association ( IPTA ) in 1942. The main most mainstream show of IPTA was Bijon Bhattacharya’s‘Nabanna’( Fresh Harvest ) . The show was coordinated by Shambhu Mitra and Bijon Bhattacharya and was chief organized on October 24, 1944 at ‘Sr

The effects of interest rate liberalization to the risk of commercial Literature review

The impacts of loan cost advancement to the danger of business banks in china - Literature survey Example Under such strategy requiring of additional charges of credit isn't permitted. Specialists state during 1974-1978 Development Plans, the administration of various nations wanted to survey the loan cost so as to support the reserve funds through the bank and to make disincentive to destroy the theory and uneconomic utilization of investment funds by the borrowers. During 1980 the loan cost strategy was utilized to accomplish the accompanying goals. Right off the bat loan cost arrangement was meant to keep the general degree of loan cost positive so reserve funds can be urged and add to the support of money related dependability in genuine terms. Besides it was surrounded to permit more noteworthy adaptability and more prominent rivalry among the banks and non banking financing establishment so as to improve the successful and proficient portion of money related assets. Thirdly the strategy was protested lessen the differential and to augment the lending’s of banks. After 1974 a n audit on the financing cost advancement was finished during 1980 which permitted plugs banks to improve space to finish and to have a superior adaptability to address the issue of the clients (Ngugi and Kabubo, March 1998, pp. - 9-10). According to Feyzioglu, Porter and Takas (2009); financing cost advancement give numerous advantages. ... On opposite loan fee progression likewise apply a negative effect on the monetary segment (Feyzioglu, Porter and Takas, 2009). Again as per Shih (2011), loan cost advancement decreases the expense of administration for national financiers. He included that loan cost advancement gets influenced with transient political motivating forces. In any case, in long haul advancement of loaning financing costs decreases the requirement for national bank authority to proportion the credit (Shih, September 2011, pp. †437-438). The Current Researches on the Interest Rate Liberalization The analysts Bekaert, Harvey and Lundblad (April 2001) exhibited that intrigue progression increment development. They saw that the loan cost advancement lead to a percent expansion in the yearly per capita GDP development. They likewise included that they found this development to be factually huge. In view of the explores the intrigue progression was additionally monetarily significant. They analyzed the equ ivalent by utilizing an exemplary development system of relapse for certain creating nations. They accepted that the human capital factors move from 25th percentile to the middle of all nations in thought. They likewise moved the size of the administration area and populace development from 75th percentile to the cross sectional middle. At that point a positive effect on development was determined given the adjustments in these four factors. Next a correlation with advancement was made. The advancement marker included 1.1%. This advancement contributed 40% of the complete development increase. Scientists additionally mentioned a sharp objective fact on channels where progression affected expanded

How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location

How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location? How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location?Updated: May 8, 2018From the snowy hills of Hoth to the woods of Endor and the deserts of Jakku and Tatooine, the saga of the Skywalkers wouldn’t be the same without the stunning vistas and alien landscapes on which their story plays out.And one of the great things about the Star Wars movies is that most of those alien planets are actually real places on planet Earth! If you wanted to really celebrate your Star Wars fandom, you could take a trip around the world to visit all of them.Sounds awesome, right? But also expensive. And while the cost might be less than you think. It’s still a lot. The cost of traveling to the filming locations (excluding studio lots) for all nine existing  Star Wars  movies would be just a hair over $12,500. Woof. And that doesn’t even take into account the cost of food and lodging!So, unless you’re  as rich as a Hutt, taking this trip is going to mean saving money. A lot of money. Of course, you could look for a payday loan online  to pay your wayâ€"we just wouldn’t recommend it. At all. We can’t emphasize that enough.By the way, when we tell you that this trip would take you around the world. We mean it you would literally be traveling around the world and back. But don’t take our word for it! Check out this handy-dandy infographic that shows where you’d travel to and how much it would cost.(For a more in-depth cost breakdown, just keep scrollingâ€"crawling?â€"once you’re done.)Enjoy! And May the Force be With You! (sorry.)First things first. We had to pick a place to start our trip from, so we decided on Chicago. Why? Because it’s the best dang city on earth!also it’s where we’re based.From your starting point in the City of Big Shoulders, you’ll depart on a trip that’ll take you to 17 different countries and five different continents across the globe. Here’s how the cost of plane travel, car rentals, and gas (using a standard gas mil eage of 23.9 mpg) will add up country by country.Leg #1: The United StatesFor the first leg of your journey, you’ll fly from Chicago to San Diego, then rent a car and drive to three locations:Yuma, Arizona, where they filmed the Sarlacc pit scene on Tatooine in Return of the Jedi.Twenty Mule Team Canyon/Death Valley, where they filmed several scenes  on Tatooine for  A New Hope.Redwood National Park, where they filmed the forest scenes on Endor for  Return  of  the Jedi.Then you’ll drive to Sacramento, where the international leg of your journey will begin.Here are the costs for Leg #1:Fly from Chicago to San Diego: $362Rent Car: $116Drive 1,587 miles: $165The total cost of the trip so far? $643Leg #2: GuatemalaNext, you’ll fly from Sacramento to Guatemala City, Guatemala, and rent a car or a landspeeder. You’ll then drive to Tikal, where they filmed the rebel base on Yavin IV in A New Hope. Once you’re finished there, you’ll drive back to Guatemala City.Here are the cos ts for Leg #2:Fly from Sacramento to Guatemala City: $690Rent car: $30Drive 666.11 miles from Guatemala City to Tikal and back: $84The total cost of the trip so far? $1,447Leg #3: BoliviaYoull fly now from Guatemala to La Paz Bolivia, where youll rent a bus (or a really large communal  landspeeder?) and head to Unyuni. Once youre there, youll take a tour of the Salar de Uyuni salt flats, aka the planet Crait in The Last Jedi. Then youll take the bus back to La Paz and head out.Here are the costs for Leg #3:Fly from Guatemala City to La Paz, Bolivia: $867Bus to Uyuni: $20Tour of Salar de Uyuni: $168Bus back to La Paz: $20The total cost of the trip so far? $2,522Leg #4: IcelandNow fly  from Guatemala City to Reykjavik, Iceland. (Be warned, this flight’s an expensive one!). Once you’re in Reykjavik, you’ll rent a car and drive to two locations:Eyjafjallajökull, where they filmed the surface of the Starkiller Base in The Force Awakens.Reynisfjara, where they filmed the scenes on Eadu for Rogue One.Skaftafell, where they filmed the escape scene on Crait for  The Last Jedi.Then you’ll drive back to Reykjavik.Here are the costs for Leg #4:Fly from La Paz to Reykjavik: $1,225Rent car: $46Drive 409.48 miles: $123The total cost of the trip so far? $3,916Leg #5: IrelandThe next part of the journey will take you  from Reykjavik to the city of Cork in Ireland. There, you’ll rent a car and drive to the Portmagee Marina where you’ll catch a ferry over to Skellig Michael, where they filmed Luke’s island hideout on Ahch-To for The Force Awakens and  The Last Jedi. Then you’ll catch the ferry back to Cork and drive over to  Brow Head in County Cork, where they also filmed some Ahch-To scenes. Once youre done there, youll head back to to the airport in Cork City.Here are the costs for Leg #5:Fly from Reykjavik to Cork: $492Rent a car: $20Ferry tour to Skellig Michael: $42Drive 277.53 miles: $72The total cost of the trip so far? $4,542Leg #6: United KingdomFor t his leg, you’ll fly from Cork to London Stansted Airport, then you’ll rent a car and drive to a whopping eight locations:Canary Wharf, London, where they filmed the Imperial complex on Scarif in Rogue One.Whippendell Woods, Cassiobury Park, Watford, where they filmed scenes on Naboo for The Phantom Menace.Bovingdon Airfield, Hertfordshire, where they filmed the battles scenes on Scarif for Rogue One.RAF Greenham Common, Berkshire, where they filmed the scenes for the Resistance Base on DQar in The Force Awakens.Fawley Power Station, where they filmed scenes for  Solo.Puzzlewood, Forest of Dean, where they filmed the forest scenes on Takodana in The Force Awakens.RAF Cardington, Bedfordshire, where they filmed they filmed the Rebel Base hangar scenes on Yavin IV for A New Hope and Rogue One.Thirlmere, Cumbria, where they filmed the scenes of the X-Wings flying low over Takodana in The Force Awakens.Derwentwater, Cumbria, where they filmed the scenes outside Maz Kanada’s club on Takodana in The Force Awakens.Then you’ll drive to the Glasgow airport.Here are the costs for Leg #6:Fly from Cork to London Stansted Airport: $187Rent car: $67Drive 898 miles: $230The total cost of the trip so far? $5,027Leg #7: NorwayNext, you’ll fly from Glasgow to Oslo, then rent a car and drive to Hardangerjøkulen Glacier, where they filmed the exterior scenes during the Battle of Hoth in The Empire Strikes Back. Youll take a tour of the glacier and then you’ll drive back to Oslo.Here are the costs for Leg #7:Fly from Glasgow to Oslo: $213Rent car: $74Hardangerjøkulen Glacier tour: $78Drive 342.37 miles: $93The total cost of the trip so far? $5,485Leg #8: SpainFor this leg, you’ll fly from Oslo to Malaga, then rent a car and drive to Plaza de España in Seville, where they filmed the city of Theed on Naboo in Attack of the Clones. Then you’ll drive to the airport in Malaga.Here are the costs for Leg #8:Fly from Oslo to Malaga: $123Rent car: $36Drive 270.92 miles: $ 61The total cost of the trip so far? $5,705Leg #9: SwitzerlandNext, you’ll fly from Malaga to Zurich, then rent a car and drive to Grindelwald (yes, Harry Potter fans, that’s a real place), where they filmed backdrops for Alderaan in Revenge of the Sith. Then you’ll drive back to Zurich.Here are the costs for Leg #9:Fly from Malaga to Zurich: $224Rent car: $122Drive 188.90 miles: $47The total cost of the trip so far? $6,098Leg #10: ItalyNow  fly from Zurich to Milan, then you’ll rent a car and drive to three locations:Villa del Balbianello, where they filmed Padme and Anakin’s wedding scene in Attack of the Clones.Monte Piana, where they filmed scenes for  Solo.Tre Cime, where they filmed scenes for  Solo.Palace of Caserta, where they filmed scenes in the Naboo Royal Palace for The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones.Mount Etna, where the filmed footage of a live volcanic eruption that they used for scenes on Mustafar in The Revenge of the Sith.Then you’ll drive to t he airport in Palermo.Here are the costs for Leg #10:Fly from Zurich to Milan: $264Rent car: $67Drive 1,416.73 miles:: $399The total cost of the trip so far? $6,828Leg #11: CroatiaYoull fly into the city of Dubrovnik,  which stood in for Canto Bight for  The Last Jedi.  Youll rent a car head on over to  Large Onofrios Fountain, where the Canto Bight exteriors were shot. Then youll go back to the airport and fly to the  Canary Islandsâ€"specifically, youll fly to the island of Fuerteventura.Here are the costs for Leg #11:Fly from Milan to Dubrovnik: $413Rent car: $28Drive  26.4  miles to Large Onofrios Fountain and back: $6The total cost of the trip so far? $7,275Leg #12:  FuerteventuraYoull fly into  Fuerteventura Airport then rent a car and drive to two nearby spots where they filmed scenes for  Solo:  La Pared and  Cofete. Once youve crossed those sights off your list, youll head back to the airport and continue onto Tunisia.  (Warning, youre going to be in Tunisia for a while, so maybe grab a snack or something before you head out.)Here are the costs for Leg #12:Fly from Dubrovnik toFuerteventura Airport: $366Rent car: $43Drive 132.35  miles: $30The total cost of the trip so far? $7,714Leg #13: TunisiaNow fly from  Fuerteventura (through an asteroid field) to Tunis, then rent a car and drive to eight (eight!) locations, where they filmed scenes for Tatooine for A New Hope, The Phantom Menace, and Attack of the Clones:Onk Jemal, Tozeur, where they filmed scenes in Mos Espa and the lightsaber duel between Qui-Gon Jinn and Darth Maul in The Phantom Menace.Sidi Bouhlel, near Tozeur, where they filmed scenes on the Lars Homestead for A New Hope.Chott el Djerid, near Nefta, where they filmed C-3PO and R2-D2’s arrival on Tatooine in A New Hope.Matmata, where they filmed scenes on the Lars homestead for A New Hope and Attack of the Clones.Ksar Hadada, Ghoumrassen, where they filmed some of the Mos Espa slave quarters scenes in The Phantom Menace.Ksar Ouled Soltan e, where they filmed some of the other Mos Espa slave quarters scenes for The Phantom Menace.Ajim, Island of Djerba, where they filmed scenes for Obi-Wan Kenobi’s house and Mos Eisley for A New Hope.Sidi Jemour, Island of Djerba, where they filmed several scenes for The Phantom Menace and A New Hope.Then you’ll drive to back to Tunis.Here are the costs for Leg #12:Fly from  Fuerteventura to Tunis: $446Rent car: $103Drive 1,008 miles: $104The total cost of the trip so far? $8,367Leg #14: JordanNow  find a scruffy smuggler to fly you from Tunis to Queen Alia International Airport, then rent a car and drive to Wadi Rum, where they filmed scenes set on Jedha for Rogue One.  Then you’ll drive to back to Queen Alia International Airport.Here are the costs for Leg #13:Fly from Tunis to Queen Alia International Airport: $408Rent car: $30Drive 585 km: $58The total cost of the trip so far? $8,863Leg #15: United Arab EmiratesThe next leg of your trip will take  you from Jordan to Abu Dh abi, then rent a car and drive to Rub al Khali where they filmed the desert scenes on Jakku for The Force Awakens. Then you’ll drive back to the Abu Dhabi airport.Here are the costs for Leg #14:Fly from Queen Alia International Airport to Abu Dhabi: $329Rent car: $40Drive 234.26 miles: $19The total cost of the trip so far? $9,251Leg #16: The MaldivesFor this leg, you’ll fly from Abu Dhabi to Male International Airport in The Maldives. You’ll then take a domestic flight to The Laamu Atoll where they filmed scenes on Scarif for Rogue One.  Then you’ll take a flight back Male International Airport.Here are the costs for Leg #15:Fly from Abu Dhabi to Male International Airport: $545Round trip domestic flight to Laamu Atoll: $390The total cost of the trip so far? $10,186Leg #17: ThailandNow jump on a  speeder and  fly from The Maldives to Phuket, then take a boat tour of, Phang Nga Bay where they filmed backdrops for Kashyyyk in The Revenge of the Sith. Then you’ll head back t o the airport.Here are the costs for Leg #16:Fly from Male Internation Airport to Phuket: $374Boat tour of Phang Nga Bay: $58The total cost of the trip so far? $10,618Leg #18: ChinaNext hit the hyperdrive and  soar from Phuket to Gullin, then rent a car and driver and go to Elephant Trunk Hill, where they filmed where they filmed backdrops for Kashyyyk in The Revenge of the Sith. Then you and your driver will return to GuilinHere are the costs for Leg #17:Fly from Phuket to Guilin: $285Rent car with driver: $138The total cost of the trip so far? $11,041Leg #19: Return to ChicagoThat’s it! You’ve visited all the Star Wars filming locations! The only thing left to do is fly back to where you started:Chicago, where they have filmed many movies, including Transformers 3: Dark of The Moon and Man of Steel, as well as a number of films that weren’t terrible. No Star Wars, though.Here are the costs for Leg #18Flight from Guilin, China, to Chicago: $1,479Total CostsNow that youre back home again, lets see how your costs have added upHere are the costs for Legs #1-19Flights: $9,682Cars and Gas: $2,452Other: $386The total cost of your trip? $12,520Want to Read More?Ever wondered how much the Death Star would cost. So did we. As it turns out, the answer is a lot.For fans of the original trilogy who actually saw them in theatres back when they were first released, you might enjoy our Stranger Things infographic where we look at how the cost of living has changed between 1983 and now!If you want to save for this trip, youll have to above and beyond. Check out  our post on The ABCs of Saving to learn more tips and strategies for tucking extra money away.Can you figure out an even cheaper way to see all these locations mentioned in this post? Wed love to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Sources:http://www.calculator.net/fuel-cost-calculator.htmlhttp://gasprices.aaa.com/http://kayak.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of _Star_Wars_filming_locationshttps://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_23.htmlhttps://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/smf/gua/sacramento-to-guatemala-cityhttps://www.expatistan.com/https://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/gua/kef/guatemala-city-to-reykjavikhttp://www.skelligmichaelcruises.com/booking-skellig-island-tours/https://www.farecompare.com/flights/Cork-ORK/London-LON/market.html#quote?quoteKey=CORKCLON20171226R20180102P1CTFhttps://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/gla/osl/glasgow-to-oslohttps://www.farecompare.com/flights/Oslo-OSL/Malaga-AGP/market.html#quote?quoteKey=COSLCAGP20171226R20180102P1CTFhttps://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/agp/zrh/malaga-to-zurichhttp://www.sixsenses.com/resorts/laamu/destination/how-to-get-therehttp://english.ctrip.com/flights/guilin-to-chicago/airfares-kwl-chi/https://www.tour-beijing.com/guilin_airport_transfer_and_guilin_train_station_transfer/

Essay On Stress And Coping - 1885 Words

Introduction Becoming older is looked upon as a normal continuum of one’s life where individuals get older as the time goes on and their visual appearance change. People describe ageing process were individual appearances start to change and we can see differences in their skin tones, changes in their hair appearance and wrinkles or so called smile lines that we get on our face especially around our eyes as we get older. Biologically speaking our body is made up of cells that make up our organs which are part of our organ cells. Cells also get older and die were new ones are created in their place. As we get older the production of newer cells becomes less effective and slower. When a person experiences high levels of stress it can turn†¦show more content†¦Stress is not always negative but can also have positive outcomes. As we deal with stress we learn how to manage it and adept to certain situations. Neuroendocrine stress can be bad for our health and can impact function of our cells. Many theories were put in place on how stress reacts within our bodies. It was believed that fight or flight was affected by stress and each person took either route when dealing with stress. Modern theories focus more on that each individual person and their bodies react differently when they face stress. Stress can affect endocrine hormones which affects metabolism and can cause us to gain weight. Stress can cause chronic diseases to occur later in one’s life. Elderly people are mostly prone to effects of stress as their homeostasis is already down. Being exposed to stress early on can be also beneficial and can result in developing new skills on management of stress and help an individual mature faster. Mindfulness Stress that one experiences in their lifetime can accumulate become chronic and effect their mental and physical health. A study was completed on 134 healthy individuals whom were screened for depressive symptoms and their severity were they reported their health statuses by using self-reporting patient health questionnaires. Participant’s mental and physical health was looked by exploring their life stresses and their mindfulness attention of their stress. It was foundShow MoreRelatedCoping With Stress Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagespeople have stress and they find ways to cope. Stress is a person’s feeling that is created by our body when there is certain event that can cause tension to strain upon our physical, mental, and emotional state. Stress can be caused by being in college, the tests, homework, clinicals and state boards can have an overwhelming amount of pressure. Stress can be physical and mental strain on our body, this can be very harmful. The tragic loss of a loved one can cause tremendous amount of stress. 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The Underrepresentation Of Female Athletes - 2748 Words

Underrepresentation of Female Athletes in Sports Television Coverage Abby Rice University of Missouri-Columbia Introduction ESPN commentator Michael Wilbon once described American soccer star Mia Hamm as â€Å"perhaps the most important athlete of the last fifteen years† (Zirin, 2007, p. 46). As a forward for the United States women’s national soccer team, she held the record for international goals, more than any other player, male or female, until 2013. After a pair of Olympic gold medals, two World Cup titles and a place in the National Soccer Hall of Fame, Hamm announced her retirement from the sport in 2004. As the curtain fell on Hamm’s legendary career, her retirement was met with a wall of silence from the media. Mia Hamm’s illustrious career slipped silently from the public’s radar with little pomp and circumstance. The media reaction, or lack thereof, toward Hamm’s retirement was not accidental. The sporting world has long been characterized by its inadequate coverage of female athletes. New York Times journalist Karen Crouse described this lack of coverage seen for female sports. Crouse said the modern day female athlete feels â€Å"as if she is the sum total of her physical assets—or invisible† (LaVoi, 2013, p. 40). While the number of women participating in high school, collegiate and professional sports has skyrocketed since the passage of Title IX, the coverage of female athletes has continued to pale in comparison to their male counterparts. InShow MoreRelatedUnrealistic Body Ideals And Eating Disorders Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthese kinds of burgers if they want to achieve the unrealistic body type. However, this is typical for advertisement. No matter what the commercial is trying to advertise, sexually objected women can be used to sell it (Wood 242). Not only are the females portrayed stereotypically in this commercial but the stereotypical man is also depicted. 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Ergonomics Free Essays

The aim of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and relative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected. Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. We will write a custom essay sample on Ergonomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now . INTRODUCTION Isometric strength is the force that a muscle group can exert without movement. Maximum Isometric strength is the maximum force that a muscle group can exert without movement. It is also called MVC (maximum voluntary contraction). Some of the widely used isometric strengths are: arm strength, shoulder strength, composite (leg) strength, back (torso) strength, grip strength and pinch strength. All of the strength categories are measured for the subjects excluding for the ones having health problems about their waist. These measurements are done by using Caldwell Protocol, which says that after a build-up time of about 2 seconds, the subject is required to maintain a steady state maximal exertion for at least 3 seconds and this (average) level is taken as the subject’s strength score. So that we can say that, in general, the isometric strength measurement procedure requires individuals to build-up their muscular exertion slowly over a 4-6 seconds period, without jerking, and maintain the peak exertion for about 3 seconds. This peak exertion (3 sec average) is the isometric strength of the individual. No external motivation should be provided. A break of at least 30 seconds should be provided between successive exertions if only a few measurements are to be made. It is necessary to increase the rest duration to 2 minutes if about 15 measurements are to be made in one test session. This additional rest is necessary to recover from fatigue generated due to the isometric exertion (Mital and Kumar, 1998). While measuring the strength categories, the effects of some factors like elbow angle, wrist posture, grip span and using dominant or non-dominant side are observed. The orientation of the arm influences human isometric strength exertion capability. As the arm orientation changes the mechanical advantage also changes, resulting in weaker or stronger strength exertions. Also the wrist orientation is critical in generating isometric torques with non-powered hand tools. Approximately 70% more torque is exerted when wrenches are in the horizontal position than when they are in vertical positions (Mital and Kumar, 1998). Therefore, by using some statistical techniques like ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), the significance of the factors that are mentioned before is tested. . OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and re lative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected. Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. 4. METHODS The experimental task consisted of performing isometric handgrip, pinch grip and lifting contractions for the combinations of the levels of wrist posture, grip-span and by using the dominant or non-dominant side in a standing posture. The equipments used are handgrip dynamometer, pinch grip dynamometer and lift platform. Our lab group conducting this study consists of two female and a male student, which are all right-handed and served as subjects. While measuring the grip strength the combinations of neutral wrist posture with the 5 grip-span settings, vary from 33mm to 85mm, are used. For the 2nd setting the combinations with the wrist flexion and wrist extension are measured too. Then non-dominant side MVC in neutral posture in 3rd setting for males and in 2nd setting for females, and dominant side MVC keeping the wrist in neutral posture and the elbow at 150o angle are measured. The reason for using the 3rd setting for males and 2nd setting for females is that, on average, 3rd setting is the standard for male hand size, and 2nd setting is the standard for female hand size. After finishing the grip strength measurements, the key pinch strength at neutral arm and wrist posture is measured. After all, by using the lifting platform, MVC for arm, leg and torso strength are measured. While measuring all types of strength categories Caldwell protocol is used and all of the measurements are done as two trials. The data including only the maximum recordings can be seen from the table below: Table 4. : Collected Data for All Group Members for All Strength Categories |Name |Dominant Grip |Non-dominant |Dominant |Arm | | |Strength(MVC) |GS (MVC) |side GS at |Lift | | | | |elbow 150: | | |Female |16. 43 |4. 47 |19. 6 |17 | |Male |37. 86 |6. 69 |44. 81 |19 | The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looki ng at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table below. Table 5. 2: The percentiles of small group and data comparison with the population [pic] Another result from the study is the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture. In order to understand the effects, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is done. Our ANOVA hypothesis is as the following; H0:The group means are not different. H1:The group means are different. For the ANOVA results we can look at the following table to investigate he r-squared values, p-values and f values to understand the effects and relationships. According to the results taken; the highest p-valued factor is the wrist posture which has 3 levels of extension, neutral and flexion. Then comes the elbow posture and finally the grip-span. Table 5. 3: R-squared, p-value and f values of factors effecting grip strength |   |   |r-squared |p-value |f | |grip |grip â €“ span |0. 9395 |0. 64 |3. 45 | |strength | | | | | |vs. | | | | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 |0. 769 |0. 28 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 |0. 321 |1. 71 | The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you’d get an r-squared of around 0. 85. Finally in order to support the other techniques we have looked at the result of the Tukey’s test. 5. DISCUSSION The implication of strength measurements in Ergonomic Intervention and the uses and importance of strength data in ergonomic intervention can be explained by the means of the following concepts. Many industrial activities are performed through human intervention. It is generally accepted that knowledge of what a person can or cannot do under specified circumstances is essential for efficient work design and injury prevention. Human strength recommendations for tool design and work and workspace design have also been receiving considerable attention. Lack of design guidelines and screening procedures can lead to overloading of the muscle-tendon –bone-joint system and, thereby, fatigue and possible consequent injuries. As a matter of fact, Chaffin et al. (1978) have reported that the incidence rate of back injuries ustained on the job increased when the job strength requirements exceeded isometric strengths of the workers. Human strengths of individuals thus form the basis for many design data bases and screening procedures. Therefore we can say that the overall intent of these developments is to reduce injuries and, in the process, maximize industrial productivity. 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The results indicate that although there’s not a significant difference, the optimum grip-span setting for the males is the 3rd, for the females is the 2nd setting as it’s been told in the literature. These findings were supported by the results of tukey’s test, which shows that the maximum strength is achieved with these settings. Also when we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA test applied to understand the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture, we can see that the effect is not so significant because of the large R-squared values. But if we want to sort them, wrist posture is the most significant, and then grip-span and elbow posture come respectively, where it can be seen easily from the table below: Table 7. : R-squared values for the factors effecting grip strenth |   |   |r-squared | |grip |grip – span |0. 9395 | |strength | | | |vs. | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 | Although the effect is not significant, the study suggests that grip span of a tool and the posture of wrist and elbow are important factors to be considered. From this study it can be understood that the isometric strength measurement is inexpensive and flexible. But the major disadvantage of isometric testing is that only one joint angle is tested at a time. If different joint angles need to be tested, the process must be repeated for each angle. Therefore as a further study, ways to test different joint angles one at a time can be studied. REFERENCES Eksioglu, M. , 2006. Optimal work-rest cycles for an isometric intermittent gripping task as a function of force, posture and grip span. Ergonomics, 49, 180-201. Eksioglu, M. , 2004. Relative optimum grip span as a function of hand anthropometry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 1-12. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part I – Guidelines for the practitioner. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 101-121. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part II – The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 123-144. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Confidence_interval http://talkstats. com/showthread. php? t=2460 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Student’s_t-test http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons http://www. le. ac. uk/bl/gat/virtualfc/Stats/mult. htm APPENDIX A) Descriptive statistics of the collected sample data (mean, std. dev. , and range only). In calculations, we have considered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table A. Descriptive Statistics of the collected sample data | | |Descriptive Statistics: FEMALE | | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |FEMALE 16,43 4,47 19,96 17,0 | | | |Descriptive Statistics: MALE | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |MALE 37,86 6,69 44,81 19,00 | B) Each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category (pinch strength calculations excluded). Again, we have con sidered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table B. 1 Grip strength percentile calculations | |Descriptive Statistics: Dicle; Duygu; Gurkan | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |Dicle 10,00 15,00 17,00 7,00 | |Duygu 15,00 19,00 20,00 5,00 | |Gurkan 33,00 36,00 43,00 10,00 | Table B. 2 Leg, arm, torso strength percentiles measured for each participant | | |Descriptive Statistics: ARM. M; LEG. F; LEG. M; TORSO. M; TORSO. F;ARM. DYG; ARM. DCL | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |ARM. M * 34,300 * * | |LEG. F * 48,40 * * | |LEG. M * 109,90 * * | |TORSO. M * 119,1 * * | |TORSO. F * 53,00 * * | |ARM. DYG * 15,650 * * | |ARM. DCL * 11,20 * * | C) 95% confidence interval for the true average grip strength, based on the sample data. [pic] C. I. for alpha = 0. 05 For males: (30. 334 , 45. 386) For females: (9. 466 , 23. 394) These intervals say that; in 95 of 100 trials these intervals contain the true average grip strength. D) Grip-strength vs. grip-width and wrist/elbow posture relationships: Table D. 1 ANOVA : Grip-span sets relationship General Linear Model: Value versus Grip; Member | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |Grip fixed 5 set1; set2; set3; set4; set5 | |Member fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for Value, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |Grip 4 171,60 171,60 42,90 3,45 0,064 | |Member 2 1374,40 1374,40 687,20 55,20 0,000 | |Error 8 99,60 99,60 12,45 | |Total 14 1645,60 | | | | | |S = 3,52846 R-Sq = 93,95% R-Sq(adj) = 89,41% | Table D. 2 ANOVA : Wrist posture relationship General Linear Model: values versu s position; names | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |position fixed 3 ext; flex; neutral | |names fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for values, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |position 2 18,67 18,67 9,33 0,28 0,769 | |names 2 1178,00 1178,00 589,00 17,67 0,010 | |Error 4 133,33 133,33 33,33 | |Total 8 1330,00 | | | | | |S = 5,77350 R-Sq = 89,97% R-Sq(adj) = 79,95% | Table D. 3 ANOVA : Elbow position relationship |General Linear Model: numbers versus elbow. ; members | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |elbow. p fixed 2 ds150; neutral | |members fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for numbers, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P |elbow. p 1 6,00 6,00 6,00 1,71 0,321 | |members 2 660,33 660,33 330,17 94,33 0,010 | |Error 2 7,00 7,00 3,50 | |Total 5 673,33 | | | | | |S = 1,87083 R-Sq = 98,96% R-Sq(adj) = 97,40% | The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you’d get an r-squared of around 0. 85. So that, we can say that the effect of the factors investigated is not significant by looking at the large R-squared values. E) Comparison analysis among the data collected (Analysis of Variance, multiple comparison and t-tests, as necessary). In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value  ? 0, one uses the statistic [pic] where  s  is the  sample standard deviation  of the sample and  n  is the sample size. The degrees of freedom used in this test is  n  ? 1. Also we can use the Multiple Comparison Tests, which are a group of tests that follow on from one or two-factor ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test,  but only if significant differences have been found. It would appear that they could be used on their own but because they are not as powerful as ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, they can occasionally fail to find differences when the former succeed. They are used for exactly the same reasons that ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis are used, but provide more information. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis can only tell you whether there is a difference between two or more of your groups and not which ones. We made ANOVA test for the grip-span settings, elbow/wrist posture and dominant/non-dominant side usage. When we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA results, we fail to reject the null hypothesis; H0: The group means are not different. H1: The group means are different. Because, we have large R-squared values. And also by looking at the F and p-values,which is a small value, we can say that there is not a significant difference between the test groups. There is no need to conduct Tukey test because of failing to reject the null hypothesis, but despite of this situation we have conducted to support our previous results. And again we saw that there is not a significant difference. C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (——†”—-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | In this test, set 1 is compared with the other sets’ average. And as it can be seen the sets are not significantly different, there is only a slight difference, because the range includes â€Å"0†. So that there’s chance that different sets give the same results. TUKEY’S TEST FOR SETS: One-way ANOVA: C26 versus C25 | | | |Source DF SS MS F P | |C25 4 172 43 0,29 0,877 | |Error 10 1474 147 | |Total 14 1646 | | | |S = 12,14 R-Sq = 10,43% R-Sq(adj) = 0,00% | | | | | |Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on | |Pooled StDev | |Level N Mean StDev ——-+———+——— +———+– | |set1 3 21,67 12,42 (————*————) | |set2 3 26,67 14,15 (————*————) | |set3 3 28,00 13,75 (————*————) | |set4 3 21,67 10,60 (————*————) | |set5 3 19,00 9,00 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |12 24 36 48 | | | |Pooled StDev = 12,14 | | | | |Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals | | All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of C25 | | | |Individual confidence level = 99,18% | | | | | |C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (————-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set2 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set3 -31,26 1,33 33,93 (————-*— ———) | |set4 -37,59 -5,00 27,59 (————*————) | |set5 -40,26 -7,67 24,93 (————*————) |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set3 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set4 -38,93 -6,33 26,26 (————*————-) | |set5 -41,59 -9,00 23,59 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set4 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set5 -3 5,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | | | |-25 0 25 50 | E) CONTINUED Comparison of our data with population data. In order to compare, we should calculate the percentiles; Calculating percentiles for a value relative to a population with known mean (50th %tile) and standard deviation (assuming normal distribution): 1. Calculate z. [pic] z = (37,86 – 40. 5)/3. 84 = -0,69 2. Look up the z value from the table of â€Å"cumulative probabilities of the standard normal distribution. † z = -0,69 is about 0. 25 so the percentile is 25% for the first calculation. Here is the table of our all computations taken from EXCEL: Table E. 1 Comparison of our data with population data [pic] The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looking at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table above. How to cite Ergonomics, Papers

Article Analysis for Information Technology & Decision Making

Question: Discuss about theArticle Analysisfor Information Technology Decision Making. Answer: The present paper is an analysis of the article titled Gamified learning: A role-playing approach to increase student in-class motivation, authored by Topiceanu (2017). The paper highlights the research topic, purpose of the research, the problems addressed by the researcher and the valuable research question. It also provides a comprehensive summary of the valuable article. Further, the most interesting aspect found from the article is presented as a personal perception. How this aspect could be applied in the classroom for teaching experience in future would also be discussed. Appropriate references would support the proposed actions. An improved and successful strategy for addressing educational needs at the contemporary era is represented by the highly evolving and advanced teaching techniques. Such techniques encompass online courses, dynamic grading systems, collaborative assignments and real-time feedback. In addition, motivational inserts into the students learning process are also noteworthy. Amalgamation of the massive open online courses (MOOCs) and learning has proved itself to be quite popular as it is capable of integrating many aspects of learning that permit learners to take part in higher education courses through distant learning (Su, 2017). The term gamification has emerged in the recent past that has a major contribution to the field of education. The term gamification refers to the application of video games into systems that are nongaming for improving the experiences of the users and engaging the users in a positive activity. Introduction of gamification applications into the education field i s still at the novice stage. Nevertheless, it has proved its worth as a motivational factor for the younger generation (Mart?Parreo et al., 2016). According to Bozkurt (2017) application of gamification into the education, the arena is backed by a strong scientific explanation that relies on design patterns, heuristics and gaming dynamics. Gamification has made its way into many classrooms processed online which is e-learning. Serious games have been found to be popular in acting as a tool engaging and motivating individuals for learning. The advantages that the process presents include instant feedback for learners, increased engagement and augmented loyalty of students. Against this background, Topiceanu (2017) thought it considerate to introduce a gamified platform for the motivation of students. This was done through transposing students in a role-playing game that entailed them to receive rewards with levels, experience, level-ups, quests, guilds and achievements for taking part in educational activities in the classroom. The assumption behind the study was that gamification is noteworthy approach since the gaols are similar to that of a learner who takes part in the offline classroom. Further, the level of interaction between the teachers and students, both allegiance and competitive, is more when compared to other solutions. The study was conducted by the researcher with the hope that the results would be encouraging. The research question was whether gamified platform provides better support to learners to increase motivation and augment learning in an effective manner. The gamified grading platform was well explained by the authors. This was formed on the basis of present and past trends in the field of educational science. Gamified was proposed as an innovative platform favouring student interaction, constant rewards and collaboration. The gamified platform was defined as role-play-based (RPG) student class organisation. The purpose was to promote teamwork, sustain efforts and form a lasting bond. For the implementation of the tool, a set of tools were created that were simple in nature. The validation of the gamified platform was done from 2014 to 2017. The test run was on three generations of students and at two computer science undergraduate courses, namely, Algorithm Design and Analysis (ADA) andComputerOrganization (CO). Control groups were also considered for the study. The results of the study highlighted that the elements were familiar to a large pool of students. The elements nonetheless triggered interest among the students, and they welcomed all new approaches for learning. The studys results proved the positive influence of the proposal, and this was supported by the feedback of the participants at the end of each semester. The attitude of the learners towards grades and participation in the study was positive after taking part in the gamified system. Comparison of the control group with the study group highlighted that in the group for gamified, the participants were in favour of the modern approach. With the introduction of the gamified platform, the researcher hoped to throw light on a novice domain of educational research. By adopting the platform, it is possible that learners can be motivated to adopt such gaming elements to bring improvements in their education. Lastly, it is to be said that gamification is surely a promising tool that i n case integrated properly is crucial in promoting the satisfaction of the students and bringing together for learning, competing and working together. The most interesting aspect pointed out from the research is that participants show better performance, and increased engagement and interest when they get rewards. Rewards act as the driving factor for bringing about positive changes in the attitudes of the learners. When this aspect is applied in the classroom setting, many improvements can be achieved in terms of teaching experience and student performance. Rewarding students for their best performance in form of materialistic rewards such as chocolates, stationaries have been proved to be an effective motivational factor (Whitton et al., 2016). Student is motivated to compete with others in a healthy manner for achieving the rewards and being satisfied. Niemi et al., (2016) pointed out that praises and admiration received from teachers in a classroom setting are highly commendable for motivating and encouraging students. This approach acts suitably in enhancing progress towards the already set academic goals. The power of recogni tion is not to be underestimated by teachers. Emmer and Evertson (2016) highlight that providing constructive feedback is also a form of rewards that aims to enhance the motivation of the students. Students feel encouraged when they receive constructive feedback highlighting both positive and negative sides of their performances. Students under such condition feel that their efforts have been recognised and that there are further chances of improvements. References Bozkurt, A. (2017). Gamification, Education and E-learning: An interview with Andrzej Marczewski.eLearn,2017(8), 1. Emmer, E. T., Evertson, C. M. (2016).Classroom management for middle and high school teachers. Pearson. Mart?Parreo, J., Mndez?Ibez, E., Alonso?Arroyo, A. (2016). The use of gamification in education: a bibliometric and text mining analysis.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,32(6), 663-676. Niemi, H., Toom, A., Kallioniemi, A. (Eds.). (2016).Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools. Springer. Su, C. H. (2017). A Novel Hybrid Learning Achievement Prediction Model: A Case Study in Gamification Education Applications (APPs).International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making,16(02), 515-543. Toprceanu, A. (2017). Gamified learning: A role-playing approach to increase student in-class motivation.Procedia Computer Science,112, 41-50. Whitton, D., Barker, K. L., Nosworthy, M., Humphries, J., Sinclair, C. (2016).Learning for teaching: Teaching for learning.

Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution Essays - British Films

Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution have many similarities and ideas. The characters, settings, and the plots are the same. In addition Animal Farm is a satire and allegory of the Russian Revolution, George Orwell meant for it to be that way. My essay will cover the comparison between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. Also it will explain why this novel is a satire and allegory to the Revolution. First of all the characters of the farm have a special role in Russian Revolution. The farm itself represents Russia, with its poor conditions and irresponsible leaders. Napoleon, the mad dictator pig who plays Joseph Stalin in real life. Snowball, the leader who gets betrayed by Napoleon and plays Lenin, Old Major as Karl Marx. And who could forget the others like Boxer, who plays the working class, and Molly as white Russia, and of course Mendez 2 the evil dogs of Napoleon who inspire the role as the secret police of Joseph Stalin. Both the novel and Russian Revolution cover the same ideas because of these reasons. In the Russian Revolution an irresponsible leader name "Nicholas the second" or how people in those days refer to him as "the Czar" was overthrown by a new leader with better ideas and ways to keep Russia alive, he was Lenin! But then he was betrayed by one of his communist comrades, Stalin. Stalin ruled for a great period of time, but everyone knows there is no such thing as immortality, and so he got kicked out too! This time by his own people. In Animal Farm a boar name "Old Major" has a dream about a world where animals rule, there are no differences, all equality, a dream about communism. This same thought applies with the idea of Stalin and his plan in ruling Russia. So when Snowball hears this him and his comrades get ready to attack the government, Mr. Jones (also known as "the Czar"). When he is overthrown Snowball becomes the leader and is betrayed by Napoleon. This event is when Stalin kicks out Lenin. Mendez 3 Animal Farm is a great example of a "Political Satire". The novel was written to criticize the totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalin's rule in Russia. In Chapter one its tells how the author, George Orwell, feels about the novel. Also it give reference to the farm and how it relates to Russia. But you can see all the satire in chapter two. It tells how inefficient of the idea "communism" does not work. Human nature can't handle "communism". We are too devious and too demanding for the things we want, we are "bossy". From chapter two to the last chapter shows how the novel is a Satire and in the end has a conclusion that was shown in chapter two. The characters, settings, and plot of Animal Farm is an "allegory" to the Russian Revolution. For example Napoleon symbolizes Joseph Stalin because they are both advocates of the devil and follow an idea of a certain race or species ruling everything. The farm of course is Russia with their bad conditions and no good government. And last of all the plot tells about the same thing, dictatorship never works! Mendez 4 George Orwell has made good points in his novel. I think he's a great and very smart writer because his novel was disguised as a children's novel to a Revolution where if you spoke what you thought about it you would get executed. In conclusion I think Animal Farm is a great novel and not only did I learn about a group of Animals taking over a farm but I learned more about World War one history and Russia's history.

Disproportionate Minority Contact Essays

Disproportionate Minority Contact Essays Disproportionate Minority Contact Essay Disproportionate Minority Contact Essay Jake Huston 11116850 Criminal Justice 205 10/30/11 Research on police and prosecutors reveals that uniformly they disagree that discrimination occurs in their agency and office. What then explains the disproportionate minority contact that occurs and the disparate treatment within the prosecutor’s office? Although police and prosecutors may contend that discrimination does not occur within their agency but that does not mean discrimination doesn’t occur. The facts show that minorities are targeted much more than whites. There are many factors that contribute to this. I don’t believe it is any one agency that specifically targets minorities but rather the criminal justice system as a whole. The interplay between the media, the criminal justice system, and the public has a huge influence on discrimination within the system. Another big factor in the disproportionate minority contact is the fact that the poor, troubled inner cities are filled with mostly minorities. The culture within these poor neighborhoods perpetuates a crime mentality that becomes an easy target for the criminal justice system. I argue that the discrimination doesn’t come from a racial bias but rather from the criminal culture created in poor areas. The media has a lot of power over the criminal justice system. The media’s ability to change public perception is a key element in the discrimination we see in the police and prosecutors agencies. As the media plays up an issue the general public responds with fear. This in turn puts pressure on police to crack down on the issue. The police widen the net and arrest more offenders for lesser crimes. This makes it appear that crime goes up due to the increased number of arrests. The media communicates this to the public and people become even more concerned. This causes legislators to make changes in the laws such as mandatory minimums. We are all exposed to the discrimination portrayed in the media. Most people describe the typical criminal as a young black male. Most people think this way because it is what we see being covered on the news. In the video Law and Disorder in Philadelphia the policemen said they are able to tell right away who is a criminal and who isn’t. This is blatant discrimination. The video also shows that the police are concentrated in poorest parts of Philadelphia that have the most crime. These projects are filled with minorities. If the police are concentrated in the poor areas with minorities and not in the predominantly white suburbs there will obviously be more minorities being arrested than whites. The culture of the inner city greatly helps to perpetuate crime. Thomas Winston in the documentary Life and Death of a Dealer talked about how growing up he felt that there was no option besides crime. He started selling drugs at the age of 13. He also said that a dealer can make $15,000 a week but working minimum wage only yields about $110. (1) In the book Code of the Street by Elijah Anderson he describes how the culture in the streets is accepting of drug trafficking. On page 110, subchapter THE CULTURAL ECONOMIC CONNECTION, Anderson says that the lack of jobs has made the underground economy an easy and lucrative industry to enter. He talks about how a family whose main concern is paying bills wont let the criminality deter them. If you can’t find a job you are going to find some way to make money. This acceptance of criminality creates many problems. In Law and Disorder in Philadelphia the cop says that he couldn’t point out one house in the neighborhood that isn’t involved in the heroin trade. This is possible because of the culture in very poor area. (2) Anderson refers to the book the Philadelphia Negro written by W. E. B. Du Bois in 1899. Du Bois said that the â€Å"submerged tenth† is characterized by irresponsibility, drinking, violence, robbery, thievery, and alienation. He also said that the problem that kept young African American men from jobs is a lack of education, connections, social skills, and white skin color. These are all true today, over 100 years later. People in these neighborhoods don’t trust the police and generally refuse to help them in any way. People here don’t live by the same code of ethics that the rest of society does. (3) Anderson says the â€Å"code of the street† is a set of informal rules governing impersonal public behavior, particularly violence. This is evident in the first chapter as he describes a trip down Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia. At the top of the street is the upper class area people stroll down the street openly with no fear. It is racially diverse where you see blacks, whites, and all other races mixing socially. The buildings are all very well maintained. As you move down the street into the poor area the buildings start to see bars and the windows, they look rundown and some have even collapsed. It becomes much less racially diverse and the street corners and open areas are filled with mostly young blacks. The middle and upper class blacks from up the street do not associate themselves with the lower class. 4) On pg. 50 Anderson tells about how he overheard a black person mutter â€Å"street nigger† to a black friend after they had a small altercation with a low class black. This shows that the middle and upper class does not associate themselves with the poor and that there is a distinct cultural difference. Everyone here has a much different attitude. Instead of the carefree strolls up the stree t you see everyone â€Å"watching their back†. There is a flagrant disregard for laws in this area. (4) Anderson talked about seeing a young teen walking through Vernon Park drinking a beer in broad daylight. This is something I would never expect to see in a park near my home. After reading Code of the Street and watching both videos I can easily see why there is the disproportionate minority contact in the criminal justice system. The poor inner city is filled with crime due to lack of opportunity. People are going to do whatever they have to do to survive. Since the inner cities are filled with minorities they are the ones targeted by police. If the inner city were filled with white people, there would be the same criminal culture.

Quality TV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality TV - Essay Example 4). The discussions on quality have been evident for a long time. For example, according to Robin Nelson, television quality was determined in UK and USA by basing on traditions or cultural values (Akass, 2007p. 4). It is also worth stating that there has been a shift in the television quality rating due to economical or social factors. According to Cardwell, the business strategies usually affect the programs cast in televisions. This is because most institutions and industries usually adopt institutional and cultural discourses when determining quality based on broadcasting mandates, policy-making decisions, and the production demands. Sarah Cardwell conducted critical judgment and evaluations to establish the differences since the variance between quality and good television had been neglected. She stated that the television studies lacked sufficient attention on the conceptual matters. Consequently, the difference between quality and good television can be established by looking at the generic classification of television programs. In 1995, Cardwell let her television students watch 1995 classic-novel where the students had different opinions about the movie. For example, one student said that the movie was of high quality but rather boring making it improper. From the findings, it was clear that the quality of television is determined by the way the television program has been filmed or acted. Concurrently, a good television program is rated based on the textual characteristics of the program (Akass, 2007p. 20). In summary, a good television is moving, riveting, provocative, rich, and should be frequently contemporary. It should not only be relevant but the viewers should also value it (Akass, 2007p. 21). However, the classifications of the quality of television are largely dependent on the national context. For instance, the contemporary quality of television in Britain is different from American television quality. According to the BBC and Public Space, television quality is a priority. In March 2010, the BBC’s executives published the proposals that were meant to increase efficiency and ensure quality by restricting new online activities (Potschka, 2012 p.25). The collaboration between the HBO and BBC enhanced their reputation of producing quality programs. This has been beneficial in helping HBO consolidate its market position. HBO has experienced several successes when producing programs such as The Sopranos, Sex and the City, and the Six Feet Under. However, it is having trouble maintaining its success due to the changing nature of the television industry. They have developed a creative approach that will enable them to improve the success of their television programs. The approach in the post network has been characterized by high-production values, artistic integrity and risk-taking process that are highly creative (Akass, 2007p. 62). The famous HBO program, The Sopranos has been analyzed based on the industrial factor s. Since it is a gangster television program, it usually exists in the form of a pre-sold television program. It has prompted researchers and scholars to analyze it in terms of branding (Jaramillo, 2007 p. 594). For the quality brand of The Sopranos to be established, HBO has differentiated its merchandise from the

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 15

Case Study Example First, the target to achieve higher scores in already flooded market by using the slogan ‘I will’. Creation of better products with continued innovation that accommodate variety of people enables the brand to stand out. Use of media and retail presentation also account for part of marketing strategy. Main distribution channels for the company have been through regional and national sporting whole sales, special stores, chain stores and institutions. Additionally, sales directly to customers also take place through factory stores in Asia and North America. Third parties produce fine fabrication for company and this production undergoes through collaborative check. Thus, the company ensures usage of only high quality fabrication in manufacturing of their products. Most of the products the company uses are advance technologically through the third parties or on short term to limited sources, which get them from limited suppliers. The third parties provide the company with technologically advanced fabrication used in production. These supplies take place through short term only from limited suppliers. Manufacturing of the products takes place through unaffiliated 14 companies in 65% of the products.Locations of the manufacturing companies are in Philippines, China, Malaysia, Jordan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia Nicaragua and Mexico. Management of the company inventory is through consideration of various factors, which include current orders, sales expectations and delivery requirement by the customers. By December 31 2013, the company had 117 factory houses and 6 brand stores in North America. Meeting customers’ demands form the basic strategy in inventory management that is a continuous process. System in inventory management enables the company to forecast and planning supply process. During the start of the company, funding for its operation came from the owner but growth and expansion of the business

View of white women in interracial relationships

View of white women in interracial relationships A Qualitative Analysis of Black Womens Constructions of White Women in Interracial Relationships. Research, especially media discourses suggest and show that black women have a negative discourse towards white women who have interracial relationships. Therefore this exploratory qualitative study used focus groups to investigate how black women construct interracial relationships and white women who have interracial relationships. Social constructionist guided the discourse theory methodology. Participants described Introduction Since the 1980s social constructionism has become an increasingly influential perspective within psychology (e.g., Burr, 1995). Social constructionism suggests that human experience, including perception is mediated historically, culturally and linguistically (Willig, 2007). Therefore for this study, it is important to understand gender and race historically, also black and white unions within a historical context. Interracial relations in a historical context, the construction of race and multiculturalism Historically, interracial unions have played an integral role in the construction of racial categories. Interracial sex and marriage became deviant within the construction of a white identity that was in opposition to blacks. The underlying basis for interracial sexuality as deviant being the claim that blacks and whites are biologically and culturally different. An important part of this concept of race is based on black peoples experiences, constructions and discourses about whites as threats to racial purity (Childs, 2005). The issue of interracial sex and marriage is an integral part of the construction of race and racial groups, with the opposition to and the fear of interracial relationships often used as a means to execute and justify racist ideologies and practices. Thus, Ideas of race as biological difference emerged with slavery, as a justification. So both the construction of white/black relationships as problematic, and the abuse seen during slavery, can be seen as emergi ng along with changing discourses of race. During black slavery, among white peoples interracial sexual relationships was constructed as deviant, and this idea of deviancy was primarily aimed at preventing black male slaves from engaging in sexual acts with white women. It has been documented that those who did engage in interracial sexual relationships would be punished. However, for black people there is a complicated and painful history to black and white interracial relationships, as a result the roots of the hostility are different from white people. The discourses on interracial relationships are complex. The hostility that black communities may have to wards interracial relationships derives from a social and collective memory of violation by whites. Historically blacks as a group have had to deal with the devaluation by whites and this in turn has effective blacks identity which has as a result shaped the attitudes and responses to interracial relationships. It has been well documented that black women were allegedly raped and sexually abused by white slave masters who all play a huge part in the sociohistorical construction of race and the rules of race relations (Childs, 2005). Social constructionist propose that the concept of race, for example the belief that the classification based on skin colour and other skin deep properties like body shape or hair style maps onto meaningful, important biological kinds which is a pseudo biological concept that has been used to justify and rationalise the unequal treatment of groups of people or others (Machery Faucher 2005). Social constructionism became prevalent mainly in the 1970s. It became recognised that the biological concept of subspecies, that is, of population of conspecifics that are genetically and morphologically different from each other, could not be applied to human. Assigning an individual to a race does not buy the inferential power you are usually warranted to expect from a biological kind term. Also, classifications based on different traits such as skin colour, body shape hair etc usually cross cut each other (Brown Armelagos 2001). Thus, the racialist tenet that skin colour and other skin deep properties pick up different biological groups has been assumed to be false. Thus, biology has fuelled the recent racial scepticism of social constructionists, that is, the view that races do not exist. But social constructionists about race are not mere sceptics. They usually underscore the instability and diversity of human beings concept of races. For instance Omi and Winant (2002) state that effort must be made to understand race as an unstable and decentered complex of social meanings constantly being transformed by political struggle. Banton (1970) suggest that this notion is a modern intervention, rooted in the eighteenth century taxonomies of Linnaeus and Blumenbach, for them, there were times or places where people did not have any concept of race (Machery Faucher 2005). The constructionist contribution to the understanding of racialism is important. It suggests that individuals concept of race do not occur in a social vacuum: social environment are important to explain the concept of our concept of race. This helps to identify the diversity of indi viduals concept of race across cultures. There has been growing literature in evolutionary psychology and evolutionary anthropology about racialism. Although no consensus has yet emerged, several proposals have recently attempted to describe the underlying cognitive mechanism responsible for the production of racial concepts (e.g., Hirschfield, 2001; White, 2001; Machery Faucher 2005). The two latter approaches are both a needed supplement to the social constructionist approach. The recurrence of racial classification across cultures and the commonalties between them suggest that racial classifications are the product of some universal psychological disposition. There is much literature that addresses the issue of interracial relationships and marriages specifically, for example both quantitative and qualitative methods have been implemented. Interracial heterosexual relationships have been explored from many viewpoints. Qualitative research has been conducted on black men and white women interracial couples (McNamara, Tempenis, Walton 1999; Rosenblatt, Karis, Powell 1995; Spickard 1989) and quantitative data of black and white attitudes towards interracial dating (Davis Smith 1991). Social sciences have focused on how and why interracial couples have come together, the demographic similarities and differences and the comparisons of interracial relationship compared with same race relationships (Davis 1941; Gaines et al. 1999). Davis (1941) article deals with interrelation between marriage and cast and Gains (1991) research is concerned with the differences between secure and insecure individuals among both sexes in heterosexual interraci al couples. Qualitative studies of interracial relationships has focused on the views, experiences and opinions of the couples and their relationships with society and the community (McNamara et al 1999; Root 2001) Some researchers have suggested that the number of couples, although increasing has remained small because of the lack of acceptance. It has been found that ethnic minority communities at times consider minority individuals that pair with partners as race traitors or whitewashed (Pan, 2000). Yet, there is little research on the ways that interracial couples are socially constructed and the societal responses from black womens towards interracial relationships. Existing research on interracial relationships show that they do not look at examining race as a changing socio historical concept and construct. Researchers have studied interracial relationships without first acknowledging race and racial groups as socially constructed and subject to change and conflict instead they reproduce the idea of race as real and a natural phenomenon. While the latter literature review has provided important perspectives on understanding interracial relationships, the current study is different as the study places an importance on societal responses to interracial relationships from the voices of British black women. Evolved Cognition and Ethnicity and Culture: Cultural Transmission Ethnicity and culture are related phenomena and bear no intrinsic connection to human biological variations or race. Ethnicity refers to cluster of people who have common culture traits that they distinguish from those of other people. People who share a common language, geographic locale or place of origin, religion or sense of history, traditional values, values and so on, are perceived, and view themselves as constituting, an ethnic group (e.g., Jones,1997 Smedley 1999). However, according to Smedley and Smedley (2005) ethnic groups and ethnicity are not fixed, bounded entities, they are flexible and open to change and they are usually self defined (Barth, 1998) Theories of cultural transmission provide the proper framework for integrating the two main traditions in the study of racialism (Richerson Boyd, 2004). The idea is that many beliefs, preferences, reasoning patters are socially learned. Similar to the traditional social learning theory, they are acquired from ones social environment form an individuals cultural parents for instance (Boyd Richerson, 1985). According to Machery Faucher (2005) race is culturally transmitted, which lines with social constructionist reliance on traditional theories of social is learning, that is, with the idea that the concept of race is acquired from an individuals social environment. This in turn gives explanations as to why a culture, at a time, people tend to have the same concept of race. This also explains why different cultures at different times have endorsed the same concepts. The Social Construction of Interracial Couples The ideas of race has been produce and reproduced though the construction of racial groups and social interaction, which had led to consequences in beliefs and practices. Therefore the images and meaning attached to black and white relationships are not simply produced by the black women but are rather constructed, socially, culturally, politically in their society and by the varying social groups (Childs, 2005). Therefore the black womens understanding of their own identities are shaped by the responses of others and the images of how black women oppose to interracial relationships in which exists. Unnatural discourse In British culture interracial relations is probelematised. Interracial sex is treated as a problem. Recent films such as Jungle Fever, Bodyguard and Rising Sun have portrayed interracial sexual relations as acts of deviance (Mencke, 1976). These narratives have been accompanied by severe moral lessons about destructive nature of such unions, which often damage not only the lives of the character but their family and friends too. Whatever the situation, the unifying element of such popular representation is that interracial relationships do not work. Academia controversy often surrounds the culturally authoritative discourse of science. This has been used overtime to justify a multitude of agendas, not least of which has been to ensure a moral argument for slavery and the conquest of the New World. Infused with notions borrowed from Darwins theories of evolution and natural selection, fears expressed in such writings have typically been grounded on notions of purity and degeneration of races through mixing of blood. Typically, researchers conclude that participants in interracial relations are deviant, rebellious or rejected by their racial group (Buttny, 1987; Muhsam, 1990), it is clear that racial categories are bounded within discursive constructs that make any transgression appear abnormal, if not wrong. Sexual relations between black men and white women have generally been located in the discourses of the unnatural. Sexuality between races has been constructed as transgression. Saxton (1995) argues that race thinking rests on class foundation , and it is also the case that ideologies of racism, one articulated, take on a life of their own and assume many contested and varied forms. Hooks (1990) puts forward, that our attempt to destabilise the naturalised discourses that define and construct race and sexuality is confounded by language (Tyner Houston, 2000). Mapping a discourse The current discourse against interracial relationships includes the following. First, it entails a range of racialised masculinities and images of what it means to be a man differentiated by race and class and at times drawing in racist stereotypes of the nineteenth and twentieth centurys. Secondly white femininity is racialised; white women who choose interracial relationships are constructed as sexually loose or sexually radical. Third, the discourse generates a view interracial relationship as transgressing fixed racial or cultural boundaries. These three elements presuppose a fourth, the idea of race as explained earlier as a fixed and essential axis of differentiation and sixth, the idea of cultural differences is tied to race and biological belonging (Frankenberg, 1993). Social Construction of Black women, Black Femininity, Gender and Mixed race as Ideal Research on the issues of black womens, appearance and the marriage market is also important (Childs, 2000). Morrison (1972) wrote that there are devastating effects of persistent European ideals of beauty on the self image of black women. While light skin blacks are evaluated as more attractive and more victorious in terms of income and employment (Hughes Hertel, 1990). This of course plays a huge role in the way that black women construct interracial dating and specifically the white women since the discrimination based on skin colour may be associated with the decision to date interracially as a privileging of lighter skin and the lightest skin of all white (Russell, Wilson Hall 1993; Childs 2005). It is important to understand that there are a dual set of myths which distinguishes the construction of black women from other groups. The social construction of race is dependent on gender categorisation and the social construction of gender is dependent on racial categorisations. This process of using race to define gender has a long standing history. According to White (2001) he argues that nineteenth century scientists often used race to explain gender and gender to explain race. The result of this is the segregation between groups of individuals based on their race and genders; where some groups are portrayed as dominant and normal and others as subordinate are based on social construction , the consequences of this is real and determines the power relations both between and within groups. In an effort to maintain these power relations and structures, cultural myths and symbols which are mainly based on stereotypes are employed. And as such, cultural symbols of black womanhood serve to mask as normalise the inequitable position of black women. As a result of racing gendering, black women find themselves marginalised on two fronts, race and gender. They are margin isled because they are non white. This marginalisation occurs on two levels, the first being that there is a construction of black women in relation to white men. Secondly, there is the construction of black women in relation to white women. Overtime time, these multiple marginalisations resulted in the development and redevelopment of a number if cultural symbols and icon used to represent black womanhood (Zachery, 2009). Dominant discourses: Now Interracial sexual relationships remain controversial both in the United Sates and the United Kingdom. Examining the discourse on interracial relationships brings a range of issues key to comprehending the impact of racism both on black womens experience and worldview and on social organisation more broadly. Interracial relationships continue to be a social issue in the black communities. Most black- white relationships involve a black man and white women according to the UK census. According to Collins (2000) black women remain called upon to accept and love the mixed race children born to brothers friends and relatives who at the same time often represent tangible reminders of their own rejection (2000, 195). Dickson (1993) suggest that interracial relationships between black men and white women along with the high murder rates in black communities, and levels of incarceration are viewed as the source of the shortage of good black men. Although statistics show that there is an increase in black white interracial relationships and marriages, the oppositions to these relationships have not necessarily disappeared. No matter how these relationships are viewed, what are interesting about them are the responses they receive from black women. An in depth analysis on black British womens constructions on heterosexual interracial relationships will provide a better understanding of this phenomenon. Therefore this project will look specifically look at the way in which British black women respond to interracial relationships and specifically their constructions towards white women who have interracial relationships. The project will look at the way black women construct interracial relationtions by asking them about their attitudes and their beliefs of interracial relationships, and popular culture and media depictions. I will discuss the images and discourses that have been constructed about interracial relationships and how these images and discourses contribute to the construction and maintenance of how black women construct white women who have interracial relationships. I approach the study of interracial relationships, understanding these interracial unions as socially constructed. It is important to understand that this will not be a nationwide representative study of attitudes, beliefs or occurrences that can be generalised. Rather this project provides an ethnographic look at black womens constructions through in depth focus groups Method Participants I recruited my participant by handing out a recruitment sheet outside lectures. The recruitment letter explained the nature of the study and if the student wished to participate in the study to please contact me. My participants were either students at London Southbank University or known to me personally. Their age ranged from 16- 45, all of my participants were Black British women; All of my participants were born in Britain. It was made clear to all of the participants that they could withdraw from the study at anytime. Design Discursive analysis provides an ideal opportunity for studying ideology in psychology. In the 1970s the materialization of a new paradigm in social psychology occurred. New paradigm researchers called for a turn to language which was inspired by theories and research which had emerged from other disciplines. This turn to language was the setting of the emergence during the 1980s, in social and developmental psychology and in other major parts of psychology (Parker, 2005). Studies such as Henriques et al, (1984) illustrated how language that is spoken can be organised as patterns of discourse. Discourse had a theoretical basis in the social constructionist approach (e.g., Burr, 2003). The social constructionist perspectives purpose was that understanding the study of human interaction and the linguistic communication is of importance. According to discursive psychology, language does not merely express experiences, rather, language also constitutes experiences and the subjective, psyc hological reality (Potter Wetherell 1987; Shotter 1993; Wetherell 1995); therefore, construction of social reality through the use of language enables discourse analysis to come about. This social process sustains this knowledge through social interactions (Burr, 1995) discourse can alter and adapt overtime; therefore, discourse are historically and culturally identifiable and is analysed through the language employed in the social interactions. This method is what I thought is best suited for my final year project as I was not looking for the participants personal experiences but rather how the participants construct inter-racial relationships and white women who have inter-racial relationships. Potter and Wetherell (1987) introduced discourse to gain a better understanding of social texts through examining social life and social interactions. Its aim was to scrutinise discourse through analysing verbal and written communication. A number of themes are common in discourse analysis these include rhetoric, voice, footing, discursive repertoires and the dialogical nature of talk. Potter and Wetherell 1987; Wetherell Potter 1992 provided some of the best work on social psychology. It was developed as an analysis of racist interpretive repertoire. This entail suggested how discourse functions ideologically. For example a discourse of heterosexuality defines what is deviant. The practice of discourse analysis involves a range of procedures designed to encourage the researchers to process and reprocess their material these include transcription, coding and recoding. According to Potter (2003), Discourse analysis is the study of how to talk and texts are used to perform actions. He suggested that discourse analysis research should centre on four aspects. How language forms and constructs accounts on social things; how actions and social practices are achieved through linguistics; the ideologies of a particular social action, and, looking at psychological concepts through discourse. Therefore this method will be used to analyse the transcript. Black womens constructions towards interracial relationships and white women who have interracial relationships; Transcript of two focus group discussions between young black women will be analysed. An examination of the text will be scrutinised closely, known as coding (Potter Wetherell, 1987) coding helps to select relevant information from the text. However, there will always be parts of discourse in which cannot be analysed; thus the same text can be analysed again, generating further insight (Potter Wetherell, 1987; Wetherell Potter 1992; Willig 1995, 1997, 1998) the data will analyse any key discourse that show from the data and how the data constructs that. The discourse analysis will also pinpoint any interpretive repertoires (Gilbert, Mulkay, 1984) and instances that occur in the text. This will require reading and re- reading the transcript, making various notes and coding gathered by the repertoires. Procedure The process of recruiting participants was not difficult, mainly because some of the participants were known personally to me and that I also recruited LSBU students, therefore the participants were easily accessible. Needless to say, the women who took part in the project did so voluntarily. They also knew they could refuse to answer particular questions, or discontinue with the discussion at any given time. I advertised by handing out a participation information sheet (see Appendix A) to several students. I gave them a brief overview of the study and asked whether they would be interested in taking part in the study. Two focus group discussions took place in a private area in the LSBU library where they were all given consent forms to sign (see Appendix B). Predetermined questions were asked and the process was recorded using a tape recorder and dictaphone. Private matters in regards to relationships were asked therefore all participants were introduced to one another to ensure that there was no discomfort. The nature of the study was explained to all the participants individually and within the focus group discussion so that no offence was taken when the questions were asked amongst one another. I guided the focus group to express both their opinions and thoughts on the subject at hand and ensured that the discussion did not go off tangent, therefore limitations were applied. I then later transcribed the focus group and drew out themes that emerged from the discussion. Materials Recruitment To recruit the participants an information sheet was handed out, which can be found in Appendix A. It was intended to be clear about the criteria of the project whilst also being highly informative. Schedule Participants were instructed to answer questions which can be found in Appendix C Analysis The transcript is one of two focus group discussion about interracial relationships and how black women construct interracial relationships and how they construct white women who have interracial relationships. The first focus group consisted of six young black women and the second consisted four. Several themes emerged from the data. The analysis revealed, through grammatical and stylistic strategies numerous interpretive repertoires Wetherell and Potter (1998): deviation, extrematisation, constructing relationship as sexual, generalisation and hypersexualisaion normalising in order to put themselves in positions to validate their views on white women and interracial relationships in general. Both focus group discussions justify their actions through language as to why they have these views; this is when discourses are visible. Focus group discussion between young black women students Extract 1 discussion transcript 1 (Page 1) interpretive repertoire: Positioning themselves Participants constructed meaning through shared conversation: they mutually positioned themselves using a variety of discursive techniques. The participants also justified their answers by using discursive markers. Sianne like the other black respondents employed a discursive strategy I am not fazed by it, but by also offering disclaimers doesnt bother me. However they give several reasons as to why interracial couples are problematic Sianne; When I see a black man with a white woman Im not phased to be honest as the saying goes Love is Blind. But sometimes I find that when I pass a mixed couple sometimes the man will avoid glancing in my direction and the woman seems tense. (Laughter) From the language used, Sianne and the other black females use discursive strategy by first stating that they are not against interracial couples Im not fazed by it (line 74-76) It doesnt bother me but show signs that the relationship lacks security. For example Sianne states that the man avoids looking at her and the woman seems tense. According to Wetherell and Potter (1992) posits that racism must be viewed as a series of ideological effect with flexible, fluid and varying content. Therefore, racist discourse should not be viewed as static and homogeneous, but as dynamic and contradictory. Some of the participants state that they do not have a problem with an interracial coupling. However, they use language amongst each other witch contradict themselves (Lines 91-92). Saphira: I dont really think anything unless the black guy is really attractive and the white woman is ugly The extract opens with a disclaimer (Hewitt Stokes, 1975) a disclaimer is a verbal devise that anticipates, and rejects, potentially negative attributions. I dont really think anything disclaims possible attribution of intolerance in the light of the comments in which are about to follow unless the black guy is really attractive. Extract 2 discussion transcripts 1 (Page) interpretive repertoire: Constructing relationship as sexual and deviant A significant piece of the opposition from the black women was why a black man would chose to date a white woman. They construct meaning as to why they becoming interracially involved and the implications for black women. Several of the participants construct white women as easy and more inclined to perform oral sex as the reason why a black man will choose to be in a relationship with a white woman. Saphira; I think white woman are more open to trying new things sexually that a black man wouldnt get from a black woman, I think they come across easier .   When asked why a black man would choose to be in a relationship with a white women. A variety of terms was employed by the participants. This included easier (Saphira) and stress free lifestyle (Jamila) open-minded to certain sexual acts (Justina). Justina; I personally think that a black man would be in a sexual relationship with a white woman because, she may be more inclined to perform certain sexual acts that may be a taboo in a black womans eyes and may also be more open-minded to certain sexual acts such as oral sex or oral sex in comparison to a black woman (Lines 96-101). Black women thus positioned interracial relationships as sexual and constructed white women as easier and stress free. It shows that white femininity is racialsied; that white women are easy and are sexually radical. A rhetorical technique employed here is constructing corroboration and consensuses (Edwards et., 1992) white women are more open minded to oral sex acts by saying that more than one women behave this way. This technique is used again by Justina this may be a taboo in black women eyes she positions herself to the category entitlement Extract 3 discussion transcripts 1 and 2 (Page) interpretive repertoire: Shortage of good black men Saphira; When I see a good looking black guy with a white woman, I cant help but be disappointed and look and think why?.   The construction of black and white couples (focusing here on a black man with a white women) as outside the norm, Saphira also constructs that these couplings as deviant (lines 155-156). Tanya: I know this is really judgmentalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but I automatically think that the black man is not really black! By this I mean he is surrounding by white friends he has never dated a black female and deep down he wishes he was white. Its a bit of a waste inità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ One theme in which was visible in both transcripts was the shortage of good black men. Tanya states in the above extract its a bit of a waste init signifying that black men have value before becoming involved with white women. This construction exposes black racism and opposition to interracial relationships. Tanya also uses a disclaimer, a rhetorical devise that allows her to put forward what may be seen as judgemental views Pricilla: discussed how black men of high status with wealth get with white women because they see them as a symbol of success (Lines 82-83). In lines 82 to 83 Pricella constructs more general oppositional categories of them Extract 4 discussion transcript 1 (Page) interpretive repertoire: Diluting the race Traitor Black communities can act as deterrent to interracial relationships as these relationships are constructed as incompatible with black cultural affinity. In other words for a black man to engage in an intimate relationship with a white women means that one is a traitor to white society and in the process sold out the black society. During the focus group discussion Pricella constructs black men who get with white women as traterish especially African men (lines 242-244). Pricella: doesnt make me feel anything but I aint gona alie I think its traiterish its like they getting with a white women is the ultimate price for them when a black men get status even African men Ooh white women Saphira: also state that people may view the black man as