How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location

How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location? How Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location?Updated: May 8, 2018From the snowy hills of Hoth to the woods of Endor and the deserts of Jakku and Tatooine, the saga of the Skywalkers wouldn’t be the same without the stunning vistas and alien landscapes on which their story plays out.And one of the great things about the Star Wars movies is that most of those alien planets are actually real places on planet Earth! If you wanted to really celebrate your Star Wars fandom, you could take a trip around the world to visit all of them.Sounds awesome, right? But also expensive. And while the cost might be less than you think. It’s still a lot. The cost of traveling to the filming locations (excluding studio lots) for all nine existing  Star Wars  movies would be just a hair over $12,500. Woof. And that doesn’t even take into account the cost of food and lodging!So, unless you’re  as rich as a Hutt, taking this trip is going to mean saving money. A lot of money. Of course, you could look for a payday loan online  to pay your wayâ€"we just wouldn’t recommend it. At all. We can’t emphasize that enough.By the way, when we tell you that this trip would take you around the world. We mean it you would literally be traveling around the world and back. But don’t take our word for it! Check out this handy-dandy infographic that shows where you’d travel to and how much it would cost.(For a more in-depth cost breakdown, just keep scrollingâ€"crawling?â€"once you’re done.)Enjoy! And May the Force be With You! (sorry.)First things first. We had to pick a place to start our trip from, so we decided on Chicago. Why? Because it’s the best dang city on earth!also it’s where we’re based.From your starting point in the City of Big Shoulders, you’ll depart on a trip that’ll take you to 17 different countries and five different continents across the globe. Here’s how the cost of plane travel, car rentals, and gas (using a standard gas mil eage of 23.9 mpg) will add up country by country.Leg #1: The United StatesFor the first leg of your journey, you’ll fly from Chicago to San Diego, then rent a car and drive to three locations:Yuma, Arizona, where they filmed the Sarlacc pit scene on Tatooine in Return of the Jedi.Twenty Mule Team Canyon/Death Valley, where they filmed several scenes  on Tatooine for  A New Hope.Redwood National Park, where they filmed the forest scenes on Endor for  Return  of  the Jedi.Then you’ll drive to Sacramento, where the international leg of your journey will begin.Here are the costs for Leg #1:Fly from Chicago to San Diego: $362Rent Car: $116Drive 1,587 miles: $165The total cost of the trip so far? $643Leg #2: GuatemalaNext, you’ll fly from Sacramento to Guatemala City, Guatemala, and rent a car or a landspeeder. You’ll then drive to Tikal, where they filmed the rebel base on Yavin IV in A New Hope. Once you’re finished there, you’ll drive back to Guatemala City.Here are the cos ts for Leg #2:Fly from Sacramento to Guatemala City: $690Rent car: $30Drive 666.11 miles from Guatemala City to Tikal and back: $84The total cost of the trip so far? $1,447Leg #3: BoliviaYoull fly now from Guatemala to La Paz Bolivia, where youll rent a bus (or a really large communal  landspeeder?) and head to Unyuni. Once youre there, youll take a tour of the Salar de Uyuni salt flats, aka the planet Crait in The Last Jedi. Then youll take the bus back to La Paz and head out.Here are the costs for Leg #3:Fly from Guatemala City to La Paz, Bolivia: $867Bus to Uyuni: $20Tour of Salar de Uyuni: $168Bus back to La Paz: $20The total cost of the trip so far? $2,522Leg #4: IcelandNow fly  from Guatemala City to Reykjavik, Iceland. (Be warned, this flight’s an expensive one!). Once you’re in Reykjavik, you’ll rent a car and drive to two locations:Eyjafjallajökull, where they filmed the surface of the Starkiller Base in The Force Awakens.Reynisfjara, where they filmed the scenes on Eadu for Rogue One.Skaftafell, where they filmed the escape scene on Crait for  The Last Jedi.Then you’ll drive back to Reykjavik.Here are the costs for Leg #4:Fly from La Paz to Reykjavik: $1,225Rent car: $46Drive 409.48 miles: $123The total cost of the trip so far? $3,916Leg #5: IrelandThe next part of the journey will take you  from Reykjavik to the city of Cork in Ireland. There, you’ll rent a car and drive to the Portmagee Marina where you’ll catch a ferry over to Skellig Michael, where they filmed Luke’s island hideout on Ahch-To for The Force Awakens and  The Last Jedi. Then you’ll catch the ferry back to Cork and drive over to  Brow Head in County Cork, where they also filmed some Ahch-To scenes. Once youre done there, youll head back to to the airport in Cork City.Here are the costs for Leg #5:Fly from Reykjavik to Cork: $492Rent a car: $20Ferry tour to Skellig Michael: $42Drive 277.53 miles: $72The total cost of the trip so far? $4,542Leg #6: United KingdomFor t his leg, you’ll fly from Cork to London Stansted Airport, then you’ll rent a car and drive to a whopping eight locations:Canary Wharf, London, where they filmed the Imperial complex on Scarif in Rogue One.Whippendell Woods, Cassiobury Park, Watford, where they filmed scenes on Naboo for The Phantom Menace.Bovingdon Airfield, Hertfordshire, where they filmed the battles scenes on Scarif for Rogue One.RAF Greenham Common, Berkshire, where they filmed the scenes for the Resistance Base on DQar in The Force Awakens.Fawley Power Station, where they filmed scenes for  Solo.Puzzlewood, Forest of Dean, where they filmed the forest scenes on Takodana in The Force Awakens.RAF Cardington, Bedfordshire, where they filmed they filmed the Rebel Base hangar scenes on Yavin IV for A New Hope and Rogue One.Thirlmere, Cumbria, where they filmed the scenes of the X-Wings flying low over Takodana in The Force Awakens.Derwentwater, Cumbria, where they filmed the scenes outside Maz Kanada’s club on Takodana in The Force Awakens.Then you’ll drive to the Glasgow airport.Here are the costs for Leg #6:Fly from Cork to London Stansted Airport: $187Rent car: $67Drive 898 miles: $230The total cost of the trip so far? $5,027Leg #7: NorwayNext, you’ll fly from Glasgow to Oslo, then rent a car and drive to Hardangerjøkulen Glacier, where they filmed the exterior scenes during the Battle of Hoth in The Empire Strikes Back. Youll take a tour of the glacier and then you’ll drive back to Oslo.Here are the costs for Leg #7:Fly from Glasgow to Oslo: $213Rent car: $74Hardangerjøkulen Glacier tour: $78Drive 342.37 miles: $93The total cost of the trip so far? $5,485Leg #8: SpainFor this leg, you’ll fly from Oslo to Malaga, then rent a car and drive to Plaza de España in Seville, where they filmed the city of Theed on Naboo in Attack of the Clones. Then you’ll drive to the airport in Malaga.Here are the costs for Leg #8:Fly from Oslo to Malaga: $123Rent car: $36Drive 270.92 miles: $ 61The total cost of the trip so far? $5,705Leg #9: SwitzerlandNext, you’ll fly from Malaga to Zurich, then rent a car and drive to Grindelwald (yes, Harry Potter fans, that’s a real place), where they filmed backdrops for Alderaan in Revenge of the Sith. Then you’ll drive back to Zurich.Here are the costs for Leg #9:Fly from Malaga to Zurich: $224Rent car: $122Drive 188.90 miles: $47The total cost of the trip so far? $6,098Leg #10: ItalyNow  fly from Zurich to Milan, then you’ll rent a car and drive to three locations:Villa del Balbianello, where they filmed Padme and Anakin’s wedding scene in Attack of the Clones.Monte Piana, where they filmed scenes for  Solo.Tre Cime, where they filmed scenes for  Solo.Palace of Caserta, where they filmed scenes in the Naboo Royal Palace for The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones.Mount Etna, where the filmed footage of a live volcanic eruption that they used for scenes on Mustafar in The Revenge of the Sith.Then you’ll drive to t he airport in Palermo.Here are the costs for Leg #10:Fly from Zurich to Milan: $264Rent car: $67Drive 1,416.73 miles:: $399The total cost of the trip so far? $6,828Leg #11: CroatiaYoull fly into the city of Dubrovnik,  which stood in for Canto Bight for  The Last Jedi.  Youll rent a car head on over to  Large Onofrios Fountain, where the Canto Bight exteriors were shot. Then youll go back to the airport and fly to the  Canary Islandsâ€"specifically, youll fly to the island of Fuerteventura.Here are the costs for Leg #11:Fly from Milan to Dubrovnik: $413Rent car: $28Drive  26.4  miles to Large Onofrios Fountain and back: $6The total cost of the trip so far? $7,275Leg #12:  FuerteventuraYoull fly into  Fuerteventura Airport then rent a car and drive to two nearby spots where they filmed scenes for  Solo:  La Pared and  Cofete. Once youve crossed those sights off your list, youll head back to the airport and continue onto Tunisia.  (Warning, youre going to be in Tunisia for a while, so maybe grab a snack or something before you head out.)Here are the costs for Leg #12:Fly from Dubrovnik toFuerteventura Airport: $366Rent car: $43Drive 132.35  miles: $30The total cost of the trip so far? $7,714Leg #13: TunisiaNow fly from  Fuerteventura (through an asteroid field) to Tunis, then rent a car and drive to eight (eight!) locations, where they filmed scenes for Tatooine for A New Hope, The Phantom Menace, and Attack of the Clones:Onk Jemal, Tozeur, where they filmed scenes in Mos Espa and the lightsaber duel between Qui-Gon Jinn and Darth Maul in The Phantom Menace.Sidi Bouhlel, near Tozeur, where they filmed scenes on the Lars Homestead for A New Hope.Chott el Djerid, near Nefta, where they filmed C-3PO and R2-D2’s arrival on Tatooine in A New Hope.Matmata, where they filmed scenes on the Lars homestead for A New Hope and Attack of the Clones.Ksar Hadada, Ghoumrassen, where they filmed some of the Mos Espa slave quarters scenes in The Phantom Menace.Ksar Ouled Soltan e, where they filmed some of the other Mos Espa slave quarters scenes for The Phantom Menace.Ajim, Island of Djerba, where they filmed scenes for Obi-Wan Kenobi’s house and Mos Eisley for A New Hope.Sidi Jemour, Island of Djerba, where they filmed several scenes for The Phantom Menace and A New Hope.Then you’ll drive to back to Tunis.Here are the costs for Leg #12:Fly from  Fuerteventura to Tunis: $446Rent car: $103Drive 1,008 miles: $104The total cost of the trip so far? $8,367Leg #14: JordanNow  find a scruffy smuggler to fly you from Tunis to Queen Alia International Airport, then rent a car and drive to Wadi Rum, where they filmed scenes set on Jedha for Rogue One.  Then you’ll drive to back to Queen Alia International Airport.Here are the costs for Leg #13:Fly from Tunis to Queen Alia International Airport: $408Rent car: $30Drive 585 km: $58The total cost of the trip so far? $8,863Leg #15: United Arab EmiratesThe next leg of your trip will take  you from Jordan to Abu Dh abi, then rent a car and drive to Rub al Khali where they filmed the desert scenes on Jakku for The Force Awakens. Then you’ll drive back to the Abu Dhabi airport.Here are the costs for Leg #14:Fly from Queen Alia International Airport to Abu Dhabi: $329Rent car: $40Drive 234.26 miles: $19The total cost of the trip so far? $9,251Leg #16: The MaldivesFor this leg, you’ll fly from Abu Dhabi to Male International Airport in The Maldives. You’ll then take a domestic flight to The Laamu Atoll where they filmed scenes on Scarif for Rogue One.  Then you’ll take a flight back Male International Airport.Here are the costs for Leg #15:Fly from Abu Dhabi to Male International Airport: $545Round trip domestic flight to Laamu Atoll: $390The total cost of the trip so far? $10,186Leg #17: ThailandNow jump on a  speeder and  fly from The Maldives to Phuket, then take a boat tour of, Phang Nga Bay where they filmed backdrops for Kashyyyk in The Revenge of the Sith. Then you’ll head back t o the airport.Here are the costs for Leg #16:Fly from Male Internation Airport to Phuket: $374Boat tour of Phang Nga Bay: $58The total cost of the trip so far? $10,618Leg #18: ChinaNext hit the hyperdrive and  soar from Phuket to Gullin, then rent a car and driver and go to Elephant Trunk Hill, where they filmed where they filmed backdrops for Kashyyyk in The Revenge of the Sith. Then you and your driver will return to GuilinHere are the costs for Leg #17:Fly from Phuket to Guilin: $285Rent car with driver: $138The total cost of the trip so far? $11,041Leg #19: Return to ChicagoThat’s it! You’ve visited all the Star Wars filming locations! The only thing left to do is fly back to where you started:Chicago, where they have filmed many movies, including Transformers 3: Dark of The Moon and Man of Steel, as well as a number of films that weren’t terrible. No Star Wars, though.Here are the costs for Leg #18Flight from Guilin, China, to Chicago: $1,479Total CostsNow that youre back home again, lets see how your costs have added upHere are the costs for Legs #1-19Flights: $9,682Cars and Gas: $2,452Other: $386The total cost of your trip? $12,520Want to Read More?Ever wondered how much the Death Star would cost. So did we. As it turns out, the answer is a lot.For fans of the original trilogy who actually saw them in theatres back when they were first released, you might enjoy our Stranger Things infographic where we look at how the cost of living has changed between 1983 and now!If you want to save for this trip, youll have to above and beyond. Check out  our post on The ABCs of Saving to learn more tips and strategies for tucking extra money away.Can you figure out an even cheaper way to see all these locations mentioned in this post? Wed love to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Sources:http://www.calculator.net/fuel-cost-calculator.htmlhttp://gasprices.aaa.com/http://kayak.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of _Star_Wars_filming_locationshttps://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_23.htmlhttps://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/smf/gua/sacramento-to-guatemala-cityhttps://www.expatistan.com/https://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/gua/kef/guatemala-city-to-reykjavikhttp://www.skelligmichaelcruises.com/booking-skellig-island-tours/https://www.farecompare.com/flights/Cork-ORK/London-LON/market.html#quote?quoteKey=CORKCLON20171226R20180102P1CTFhttps://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/gla/osl/glasgow-to-oslohttps://www.farecompare.com/flights/Oslo-OSL/Malaga-AGP/market.html#quote?quoteKey=COSLCAGP20171226R20180102P1CTFhttps://www.expedia.com/lp/flights/agp/zrh/malaga-to-zurichhttp://www.sixsenses.com/resorts/laamu/destination/how-to-get-therehttp://english.ctrip.com/flights/guilin-to-chicago/airfares-kwl-chi/https://www.tour-beijing.com/guilin_airport_transfer_and_guilin_train_station_transfer/

Essay On Stress And Coping - 1885 Words

Introduction Becoming older is looked upon as a normal continuum of one’s life where individuals get older as the time goes on and their visual appearance change. People describe ageing process were individual appearances start to change and we can see differences in their skin tones, changes in their hair appearance and wrinkles or so called smile lines that we get on our face especially around our eyes as we get older. Biologically speaking our body is made up of cells that make up our organs which are part of our organ cells. Cells also get older and die were new ones are created in their place. As we get older the production of newer cells becomes less effective and slower. When a person experiences high levels of stress it can turn†¦show more content†¦Stress is not always negative but can also have positive outcomes. As we deal with stress we learn how to manage it and adept to certain situations. Neuroendocrine stress can be bad for our health and can impact function of our cells. Many theories were put in place on how stress reacts within our bodies. It was believed that fight or flight was affected by stress and each person took either route when dealing with stress. Modern theories focus more on that each individual person and their bodies react differently when they face stress. Stress can affect endocrine hormones which affects metabolism and can cause us to gain weight. Stress can cause chronic diseases to occur later in one’s life. Elderly people are mostly prone to effects of stress as their homeostasis is already down. Being exposed to stress early on can be also beneficial and can result in developing new skills on management of stress and help an individual mature faster. Mindfulness Stress that one experiences in their lifetime can accumulate become chronic and effect their mental and physical health. A study was completed on 134 healthy individuals whom were screened for depressive symptoms and their severity were they reported their health statuses by using self-reporting patient health questionnaires. Participant’s mental and physical health was looked by exploring their life stresses and their mindfulness attention of their stress. It was foundShow MoreRelatedCoping With Stress Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagespeople have stress and they find ways to cope. Stress is a person’s feeling that is created by our body when there is certain event that can cause tension to strain upon our physical, mental, and emotional state. Stress can be caused by being in college, the tests, homework, clinicals and state boards can have an overwhelming amount of pressure. Stress can be physical and mental strain on our body, this can be very harmful. The tragic loss of a loved one can cause tremendous amount of stress. 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The Underrepresentation Of Female Athletes - 2748 Words

Underrepresentation of Female Athletes in Sports Television Coverage Abby Rice University of Missouri-Columbia Introduction ESPN commentator Michael Wilbon once described American soccer star Mia Hamm as â€Å"perhaps the most important athlete of the last fifteen years† (Zirin, 2007, p. 46). As a forward for the United States women’s national soccer team, she held the record for international goals, more than any other player, male or female, until 2013. After a pair of Olympic gold medals, two World Cup titles and a place in the National Soccer Hall of Fame, Hamm announced her retirement from the sport in 2004. As the curtain fell on Hamm’s legendary career, her retirement was met with a wall of silence from the media. Mia Hamm’s illustrious career slipped silently from the public’s radar with little pomp and circumstance. The media reaction, or lack thereof, toward Hamm’s retirement was not accidental. The sporting world has long been characterized by its inadequate coverage of female athletes. New York Times journalist Karen Crouse described this lack of coverage seen for female sports. Crouse said the modern day female athlete feels â€Å"as if she is the sum total of her physical assets—or invisible† (LaVoi, 2013, p. 40). While the number of women participating in high school, collegiate and professional sports has skyrocketed since the passage of Title IX, the coverage of female athletes has continued to pale in comparison to their male counterparts. InShow MoreRelatedUnrealistic Body Ideals And Eating Disorders Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthese kinds of burgers if they want to achieve the unrealistic body type. However, this is typical for advertisement. No matter what the commercial is trying to advertise, sexually objected women can be used to sell it (Wood 242). Not only are the females portrayed stereotypically in this commercial but the stereotypical man is also depicted. 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Ergonomics Free Essays

The aim of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and relative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected. Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. We will write a custom essay sample on Ergonomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now . INTRODUCTION Isometric strength is the force that a muscle group can exert without movement. Maximum Isometric strength is the maximum force that a muscle group can exert without movement. It is also called MVC (maximum voluntary contraction). Some of the widely used isometric strengths are: arm strength, shoulder strength, composite (leg) strength, back (torso) strength, grip strength and pinch strength. All of the strength categories are measured for the subjects excluding for the ones having health problems about their waist. These measurements are done by using Caldwell Protocol, which says that after a build-up time of about 2 seconds, the subject is required to maintain a steady state maximal exertion for at least 3 seconds and this (average) level is taken as the subject’s strength score. So that we can say that, in general, the isometric strength measurement procedure requires individuals to build-up their muscular exertion slowly over a 4-6 seconds period, without jerking, and maintain the peak exertion for about 3 seconds. This peak exertion (3 sec average) is the isometric strength of the individual. No external motivation should be provided. A break of at least 30 seconds should be provided between successive exertions if only a few measurements are to be made. It is necessary to increase the rest duration to 2 minutes if about 15 measurements are to be made in one test session. This additional rest is necessary to recover from fatigue generated due to the isometric exertion (Mital and Kumar, 1998). While measuring the strength categories, the effects of some factors like elbow angle, wrist posture, grip span and using dominant or non-dominant side are observed. The orientation of the arm influences human isometric strength exertion capability. As the arm orientation changes the mechanical advantage also changes, resulting in weaker or stronger strength exertions. Also the wrist orientation is critical in generating isometric torques with non-powered hand tools. Approximately 70% more torque is exerted when wrenches are in the horizontal position than when they are in vertical positions (Mital and Kumar, 1998). Therefore, by using some statistical techniques like ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), the significance of the factors that are mentioned before is tested. . OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and re lative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected. Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. 4. METHODS The experimental task consisted of performing isometric handgrip, pinch grip and lifting contractions for the combinations of the levels of wrist posture, grip-span and by using the dominant or non-dominant side in a standing posture. The equipments used are handgrip dynamometer, pinch grip dynamometer and lift platform. Our lab group conducting this study consists of two female and a male student, which are all right-handed and served as subjects. While measuring the grip strength the combinations of neutral wrist posture with the 5 grip-span settings, vary from 33mm to 85mm, are used. For the 2nd setting the combinations with the wrist flexion and wrist extension are measured too. Then non-dominant side MVC in neutral posture in 3rd setting for males and in 2nd setting for females, and dominant side MVC keeping the wrist in neutral posture and the elbow at 150o angle are measured. The reason for using the 3rd setting for males and 2nd setting for females is that, on average, 3rd setting is the standard for male hand size, and 2nd setting is the standard for female hand size. After finishing the grip strength measurements, the key pinch strength at neutral arm and wrist posture is measured. After all, by using the lifting platform, MVC for arm, leg and torso strength are measured. While measuring all types of strength categories Caldwell protocol is used and all of the measurements are done as two trials. The data including only the maximum recordings can be seen from the table below: Table 4. : Collected Data for All Group Members for All Strength Categories |Name |Dominant Grip |Non-dominant |Dominant |Arm | | |Strength(MVC) |GS (MVC) |side GS at |Lift | | | | |elbow 150: | | |Female |16. 43 |4. 47 |19. 6 |17 | |Male |37. 86 |6. 69 |44. 81 |19 | The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looki ng at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table below. Table 5. 2: The percentiles of small group and data comparison with the population [pic] Another result from the study is the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture. In order to understand the effects, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is done. Our ANOVA hypothesis is as the following; H0:The group means are not different. H1:The group means are different. For the ANOVA results we can look at the following table to investigate he r-squared values, p-values and f values to understand the effects and relationships. According to the results taken; the highest p-valued factor is the wrist posture which has 3 levels of extension, neutral and flexion. Then comes the elbow posture and finally the grip-span. Table 5. 3: R-squared, p-value and f values of factors effecting grip strength |   |   |r-squared |p-value |f | |grip |grip â €“ span |0. 9395 |0. 64 |3. 45 | |strength | | | | | |vs. | | | | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 |0. 769 |0. 28 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 |0. 321 |1. 71 | The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you’d get an r-squared of around 0. 85. Finally in order to support the other techniques we have looked at the result of the Tukey’s test. 5. DISCUSSION The implication of strength measurements in Ergonomic Intervention and the uses and importance of strength data in ergonomic intervention can be explained by the means of the following concepts. Many industrial activities are performed through human intervention. It is generally accepted that knowledge of what a person can or cannot do under specified circumstances is essential for efficient work design and injury prevention. Human strength recommendations for tool design and work and workspace design have also been receiving considerable attention. Lack of design guidelines and screening procedures can lead to overloading of the muscle-tendon –bone-joint system and, thereby, fatigue and possible consequent injuries. As a matter of fact, Chaffin et al. (1978) have reported that the incidence rate of back injuries ustained on the job increased when the job strength requirements exceeded isometric strengths of the workers. Human strengths of individuals thus form the basis for many design data bases and screening procedures. Therefore we can say that the overall intent of these developments is to reduce injuries and, in the process, maximize industrial productivity. 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The results indicate that although there’s not a significant difference, the optimum grip-span setting for the males is the 3rd, for the females is the 2nd setting as it’s been told in the literature. These findings were supported by the results of tukey’s test, which shows that the maximum strength is achieved with these settings. Also when we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA test applied to understand the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture, we can see that the effect is not so significant because of the large R-squared values. But if we want to sort them, wrist posture is the most significant, and then grip-span and elbow posture come respectively, where it can be seen easily from the table below: Table 7. : R-squared values for the factors effecting grip strenth |   |   |r-squared | |grip |grip – span |0. 9395 | |strength | | | |vs. | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 | Although the effect is not significant, the study suggests that grip span of a tool and the posture of wrist and elbow are important factors to be considered. From this study it can be understood that the isometric strength measurement is inexpensive and flexible. But the major disadvantage of isometric testing is that only one joint angle is tested at a time. If different joint angles need to be tested, the process must be repeated for each angle. Therefore as a further study, ways to test different joint angles one at a time can be studied. REFERENCES Eksioglu, M. , 2006. Optimal work-rest cycles for an isometric intermittent gripping task as a function of force, posture and grip span. Ergonomics, 49, 180-201. Eksioglu, M. , 2004. Relative optimum grip span as a function of hand anthropometry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 1-12. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part I – Guidelines for the practitioner. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 101-121. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part II – The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 123-144. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Confidence_interval http://talkstats. com/showthread. php? t=2460 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Student’s_t-test http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons http://www. le. ac. uk/bl/gat/virtualfc/Stats/mult. htm APPENDIX A) Descriptive statistics of the collected sample data (mean, std. dev. , and range only). In calculations, we have considered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table A. Descriptive Statistics of the collected sample data | | |Descriptive Statistics: FEMALE | | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |FEMALE 16,43 4,47 19,96 17,0 | | | |Descriptive Statistics: MALE | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |MALE 37,86 6,69 44,81 19,00 | B) Each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category (pinch strength calculations excluded). Again, we have con sidered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table B. 1 Grip strength percentile calculations | |Descriptive Statistics: Dicle; Duygu; Gurkan | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |Dicle 10,00 15,00 17,00 7,00 | |Duygu 15,00 19,00 20,00 5,00 | |Gurkan 33,00 36,00 43,00 10,00 | Table B. 2 Leg, arm, torso strength percentiles measured for each participant | | |Descriptive Statistics: ARM. M; LEG. F; LEG. M; TORSO. M; TORSO. F;ARM. DYG; ARM. DCL | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |ARM. M * 34,300 * * | |LEG. F * 48,40 * * | |LEG. M * 109,90 * * | |TORSO. M * 119,1 * * | |TORSO. F * 53,00 * * | |ARM. DYG * 15,650 * * | |ARM. DCL * 11,20 * * | C) 95% confidence interval for the true average grip strength, based on the sample data. [pic] C. I. for alpha = 0. 05 For males: (30. 334 , 45. 386) For females: (9. 466 , 23. 394) These intervals say that; in 95 of 100 trials these intervals contain the true average grip strength. D) Grip-strength vs. grip-width and wrist/elbow posture relationships: Table D. 1 ANOVA : Grip-span sets relationship General Linear Model: Value versus Grip; Member | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |Grip fixed 5 set1; set2; set3; set4; set5 | |Member fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for Value, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |Grip 4 171,60 171,60 42,90 3,45 0,064 | |Member 2 1374,40 1374,40 687,20 55,20 0,000 | |Error 8 99,60 99,60 12,45 | |Total 14 1645,60 | | | | | |S = 3,52846 R-Sq = 93,95% R-Sq(adj) = 89,41% | Table D. 2 ANOVA : Wrist posture relationship General Linear Model: values versu s position; names | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |position fixed 3 ext; flex; neutral | |names fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for values, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |position 2 18,67 18,67 9,33 0,28 0,769 | |names 2 1178,00 1178,00 589,00 17,67 0,010 | |Error 4 133,33 133,33 33,33 | |Total 8 1330,00 | | | | | |S = 5,77350 R-Sq = 89,97% R-Sq(adj) = 79,95% | Table D. 3 ANOVA : Elbow position relationship |General Linear Model: numbers versus elbow. ; members | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |elbow. p fixed 2 ds150; neutral | |members fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for numbers, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P |elbow. p 1 6,00 6,00 6,00 1,71 0,321 | |members 2 660,33 660,33 330,17 94,33 0,010 | |Error 2 7,00 7,00 3,50 | |Total 5 673,33 | | | | | |S = 1,87083 R-Sq = 98,96% R-Sq(adj) = 97,40% | The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you’d get an r-squared of around 0. 85. So that, we can say that the effect of the factors investigated is not significant by looking at the large R-squared values. E) Comparison analysis among the data collected (Analysis of Variance, multiple comparison and t-tests, as necessary). In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value  ? 0, one uses the statistic [pic] where  s  is the  sample standard deviation  of the sample and  n  is the sample size. The degrees of freedom used in this test is  n  ? 1. Also we can use the Multiple Comparison Tests, which are a group of tests that follow on from one or two-factor ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test,  but only if significant differences have been found. It would appear that they could be used on their own but because they are not as powerful as ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, they can occasionally fail to find differences when the former succeed. They are used for exactly the same reasons that ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis are used, but provide more information. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis can only tell you whether there is a difference between two or more of your groups and not which ones. We made ANOVA test for the grip-span settings, elbow/wrist posture and dominant/non-dominant side usage. When we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA results, we fail to reject the null hypothesis; H0: The group means are not different. H1: The group means are different. Because, we have large R-squared values. And also by looking at the F and p-values,which is a small value, we can say that there is not a significant difference between the test groups. There is no need to conduct Tukey test because of failing to reject the null hypothesis, but despite of this situation we have conducted to support our previous results. And again we saw that there is not a significant difference. C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (——†”—-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | In this test, set 1 is compared with the other sets’ average. And as it can be seen the sets are not significantly different, there is only a slight difference, because the range includes â€Å"0†. So that there’s chance that different sets give the same results. TUKEY’S TEST FOR SETS: One-way ANOVA: C26 versus C25 | | | |Source DF SS MS F P | |C25 4 172 43 0,29 0,877 | |Error 10 1474 147 | |Total 14 1646 | | | |S = 12,14 R-Sq = 10,43% R-Sq(adj) = 0,00% | | | | | |Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on | |Pooled StDev | |Level N Mean StDev ——-+———+——— +———+– | |set1 3 21,67 12,42 (————*————) | |set2 3 26,67 14,15 (————*————) | |set3 3 28,00 13,75 (————*————) | |set4 3 21,67 10,60 (————*————) | |set5 3 19,00 9,00 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |12 24 36 48 | | | |Pooled StDev = 12,14 | | | | |Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals | | All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of C25 | | | |Individual confidence level = 99,18% | | | | | |C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (————-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set2 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set3 -31,26 1,33 33,93 (————-*— ———) | |set4 -37,59 -5,00 27,59 (————*————) | |set5 -40,26 -7,67 24,93 (————*————) |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set3 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set4 -38,93 -6,33 26,26 (————*————-) | |set5 -41,59 -9,00 23,59 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set4 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set5 -3 5,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | | | |-25 0 25 50 | E) CONTINUED Comparison of our data with population data. In order to compare, we should calculate the percentiles; Calculating percentiles for a value relative to a population with known mean (50th %tile) and standard deviation (assuming normal distribution): 1. Calculate z. [pic] z = (37,86 – 40. 5)/3. 84 = -0,69 2. Look up the z value from the table of â€Å"cumulative probabilities of the standard normal distribution. † z = -0,69 is about 0. 25 so the percentile is 25% for the first calculation. Here is the table of our all computations taken from EXCEL: Table E. 1 Comparison of our data with population data [pic] The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looking at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table above. How to cite Ergonomics, Papers

Article Analysis for Information Technology & Decision Making

Question: Discuss about theArticle Analysisfor Information Technology Decision Making. Answer: The present paper is an analysis of the article titled Gamified learning: A role-playing approach to increase student in-class motivation, authored by Topiceanu (2017). The paper highlights the research topic, purpose of the research, the problems addressed by the researcher and the valuable research question. It also provides a comprehensive summary of the valuable article. Further, the most interesting aspect found from the article is presented as a personal perception. How this aspect could be applied in the classroom for teaching experience in future would also be discussed. Appropriate references would support the proposed actions. An improved and successful strategy for addressing educational needs at the contemporary era is represented by the highly evolving and advanced teaching techniques. Such techniques encompass online courses, dynamic grading systems, collaborative assignments and real-time feedback. In addition, motivational inserts into the students learning process are also noteworthy. Amalgamation of the massive open online courses (MOOCs) and learning has proved itself to be quite popular as it is capable of integrating many aspects of learning that permit learners to take part in higher education courses through distant learning (Su, 2017). The term gamification has emerged in the recent past that has a major contribution to the field of education. The term gamification refers to the application of video games into systems that are nongaming for improving the experiences of the users and engaging the users in a positive activity. Introduction of gamification applications into the education field i s still at the novice stage. Nevertheless, it has proved its worth as a motivational factor for the younger generation (Mart?Parreo et al., 2016). According to Bozkurt (2017) application of gamification into the education, the arena is backed by a strong scientific explanation that relies on design patterns, heuristics and gaming dynamics. Gamification has made its way into many classrooms processed online which is e-learning. Serious games have been found to be popular in acting as a tool engaging and motivating individuals for learning. The advantages that the process presents include instant feedback for learners, increased engagement and augmented loyalty of students. Against this background, Topiceanu (2017) thought it considerate to introduce a gamified platform for the motivation of students. This was done through transposing students in a role-playing game that entailed them to receive rewards with levels, experience, level-ups, quests, guilds and achievements for taking part in educational activities in the classroom. The assumption behind the study was that gamification is noteworthy approach since the gaols are similar to that of a learner who takes part in the offline classroom. Further, the level of interaction between the teachers and students, both allegiance and competitive, is more when compared to other solutions. The study was conducted by the researcher with the hope that the results would be encouraging. The research question was whether gamified platform provides better support to learners to increase motivation and augment learning in an effective manner. The gamified grading platform was well explained by the authors. This was formed on the basis of present and past trends in the field of educational science. Gamified was proposed as an innovative platform favouring student interaction, constant rewards and collaboration. The gamified platform was defined as role-play-based (RPG) student class organisation. The purpose was to promote teamwork, sustain efforts and form a lasting bond. For the implementation of the tool, a set of tools were created that were simple in nature. The validation of the gamified platform was done from 2014 to 2017. The test run was on three generations of students and at two computer science undergraduate courses, namely, Algorithm Design and Analysis (ADA) andComputerOrganization (CO). Control groups were also considered for the study. The results of the study highlighted that the elements were familiar to a large pool of students. The elements nonetheless triggered interest among the students, and they welcomed all new approaches for learning. The studys results proved the positive influence of the proposal, and this was supported by the feedback of the participants at the end of each semester. The attitude of the learners towards grades and participation in the study was positive after taking part in the gamified system. Comparison of the control group with the study group highlighted that in the group for gamified, the participants were in favour of the modern approach. With the introduction of the gamified platform, the researcher hoped to throw light on a novice domain of educational research. By adopting the platform, it is possible that learners can be motivated to adopt such gaming elements to bring improvements in their education. Lastly, it is to be said that gamification is surely a promising tool that i n case integrated properly is crucial in promoting the satisfaction of the students and bringing together for learning, competing and working together. The most interesting aspect pointed out from the research is that participants show better performance, and increased engagement and interest when they get rewards. Rewards act as the driving factor for bringing about positive changes in the attitudes of the learners. When this aspect is applied in the classroom setting, many improvements can be achieved in terms of teaching experience and student performance. Rewarding students for their best performance in form of materialistic rewards such as chocolates, stationaries have been proved to be an effective motivational factor (Whitton et al., 2016). Student is motivated to compete with others in a healthy manner for achieving the rewards and being satisfied. Niemi et al., (2016) pointed out that praises and admiration received from teachers in a classroom setting are highly commendable for motivating and encouraging students. This approach acts suitably in enhancing progress towards the already set academic goals. The power of recogni tion is not to be underestimated by teachers. Emmer and Evertson (2016) highlight that providing constructive feedback is also a form of rewards that aims to enhance the motivation of the students. Students feel encouraged when they receive constructive feedback highlighting both positive and negative sides of their performances. Students under such condition feel that their efforts have been recognised and that there are further chances of improvements. References Bozkurt, A. (2017). Gamification, Education and E-learning: An interview with Andrzej Marczewski.eLearn,2017(8), 1. Emmer, E. T., Evertson, C. M. (2016).Classroom management for middle and high school teachers. Pearson. Mart?Parreo, J., Mndez?Ibez, E., Alonso?Arroyo, A. (2016). The use of gamification in education: a bibliometric and text mining analysis.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,32(6), 663-676. Niemi, H., Toom, A., Kallioniemi, A. (Eds.). (2016).Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools. Springer. Su, C. H. (2017). A Novel Hybrid Learning Achievement Prediction Model: A Case Study in Gamification Education Applications (APPs).International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making,16(02), 515-543. Toprceanu, A. (2017). Gamified learning: A role-playing approach to increase student in-class motivation.Procedia Computer Science,112, 41-50. Whitton, D., Barker, K. L., Nosworthy, M., Humphries, J., Sinclair, C. (2016).Learning for teaching: Teaching for learning.

Animal Farm And The Russian Revolution Essays - British Films

Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution have many similarities and ideas. The characters, settings, and the plots are the same. In addition Animal Farm is a satire and allegory of the Russian Revolution, George Orwell meant for it to be that way. My essay will cover the comparison between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. Also it will explain why this novel is a satire and allegory to the Revolution. First of all the characters of the farm have a special role in Russian Revolution. The farm itself represents Russia, with its poor conditions and irresponsible leaders. Napoleon, the mad dictator pig who plays Joseph Stalin in real life. Snowball, the leader who gets betrayed by Napoleon and plays Lenin, Old Major as Karl Marx. And who could forget the others like Boxer, who plays the working class, and Molly as white Russia, and of course Mendez 2 the evil dogs of Napoleon who inspire the role as the secret police of Joseph Stalin. Both the novel and Russian Revolution cover the same ideas because of these reasons. In the Russian Revolution an irresponsible leader name "Nicholas the second" or how people in those days refer to him as "the Czar" was overthrown by a new leader with better ideas and ways to keep Russia alive, he was Lenin! But then he was betrayed by one of his communist comrades, Stalin. Stalin ruled for a great period of time, but everyone knows there is no such thing as immortality, and so he got kicked out too! This time by his own people. In Animal Farm a boar name "Old Major" has a dream about a world where animals rule, there are no differences, all equality, a dream about communism. This same thought applies with the idea of Stalin and his plan in ruling Russia. So when Snowball hears this him and his comrades get ready to attack the government, Mr. Jones (also known as "the Czar"). When he is overthrown Snowball becomes the leader and is betrayed by Napoleon. This event is when Stalin kicks out Lenin. Mendez 3 Animal Farm is a great example of a "Political Satire". The novel was written to criticize the totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalin's rule in Russia. In Chapter one its tells how the author, George Orwell, feels about the novel. Also it give reference to the farm and how it relates to Russia. But you can see all the satire in chapter two. It tells how inefficient of the idea "communism" does not work. Human nature can't handle "communism". We are too devious and too demanding for the things we want, we are "bossy". From chapter two to the last chapter shows how the novel is a Satire and in the end has a conclusion that was shown in chapter two. The characters, settings, and plot of Animal Farm is an "allegory" to the Russian Revolution. For example Napoleon symbolizes Joseph Stalin because they are both advocates of the devil and follow an idea of a certain race or species ruling everything. The farm of course is Russia with their bad conditions and no good government. And last of all the plot tells about the same thing, dictatorship never works! Mendez 4 George Orwell has made good points in his novel. I think he's a great and very smart writer because his novel was disguised as a children's novel to a Revolution where if you spoke what you thought about it you would get executed. In conclusion I think Animal Farm is a great novel and not only did I learn about a group of Animals taking over a farm but I learned more about World War one history and Russia's history.

Disproportionate Minority Contact Essays

Disproportionate Minority Contact Essays Disproportionate Minority Contact Essay Disproportionate Minority Contact Essay Jake Huston 11116850 Criminal Justice 205 10/30/11 Research on police and prosecutors reveals that uniformly they disagree that discrimination occurs in their agency and office. What then explains the disproportionate minority contact that occurs and the disparate treatment within the prosecutor’s office? Although police and prosecutors may contend that discrimination does not occur within their agency but that does not mean discrimination doesn’t occur. The facts show that minorities are targeted much more than whites. There are many factors that contribute to this. I don’t believe it is any one agency that specifically targets minorities but rather the criminal justice system as a whole. The interplay between the media, the criminal justice system, and the public has a huge influence on discrimination within the system. Another big factor in the disproportionate minority contact is the fact that the poor, troubled inner cities are filled with mostly minorities. The culture within these poor neighborhoods perpetuates a crime mentality that becomes an easy target for the criminal justice system. I argue that the discrimination doesn’t come from a racial bias but rather from the criminal culture created in poor areas. The media has a lot of power over the criminal justice system. The media’s ability to change public perception is a key element in the discrimination we see in the police and prosecutors agencies. As the media plays up an issue the general public responds with fear. This in turn puts pressure on police to crack down on the issue. The police widen the net and arrest more offenders for lesser crimes. This makes it appear that crime goes up due to the increased number of arrests. The media communicates this to the public and people become even more concerned. This causes legislators to make changes in the laws such as mandatory minimums. We are all exposed to the discrimination portrayed in the media. Most people describe the typical criminal as a young black male. Most people think this way because it is what we see being covered on the news. In the video Law and Disorder in Philadelphia the policemen said they are able to tell right away who is a criminal and who isn’t. This is blatant discrimination. The video also shows that the police are concentrated in poorest parts of Philadelphia that have the most crime. These projects are filled with minorities. If the police are concentrated in the poor areas with minorities and not in the predominantly white suburbs there will obviously be more minorities being arrested than whites. The culture of the inner city greatly helps to perpetuate crime. Thomas Winston in the documentary Life and Death of a Dealer talked about how growing up he felt that there was no option besides crime. He started selling drugs at the age of 13. He also said that a dealer can make $15,000 a week but working minimum wage only yields about $110. (1) In the book Code of the Street by Elijah Anderson he describes how the culture in the streets is accepting of drug trafficking. On page 110, subchapter THE CULTURAL ECONOMIC CONNECTION, Anderson says that the lack of jobs has made the underground economy an easy and lucrative industry to enter. He talks about how a family whose main concern is paying bills wont let the criminality deter them. If you can’t find a job you are going to find some way to make money. This acceptance of criminality creates many problems. In Law and Disorder in Philadelphia the cop says that he couldn’t point out one house in the neighborhood that isn’t involved in the heroin trade. This is possible because of the culture in very poor area. (2) Anderson refers to the book the Philadelphia Negro written by W. E. B. Du Bois in 1899. Du Bois said that the â€Å"submerged tenth† is characterized by irresponsibility, drinking, violence, robbery, thievery, and alienation. He also said that the problem that kept young African American men from jobs is a lack of education, connections, social skills, and white skin color. These are all true today, over 100 years later. People in these neighborhoods don’t trust the police and generally refuse to help them in any way. People here don’t live by the same code of ethics that the rest of society does. (3) Anderson says the â€Å"code of the street† is a set of informal rules governing impersonal public behavior, particularly violence. This is evident in the first chapter as he describes a trip down Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia. At the top of the street is the upper class area people stroll down the street openly with no fear. It is racially diverse where you see blacks, whites, and all other races mixing socially. The buildings are all very well maintained. As you move down the street into the poor area the buildings start to see bars and the windows, they look rundown and some have even collapsed. It becomes much less racially diverse and the street corners and open areas are filled with mostly young blacks. The middle and upper class blacks from up the street do not associate themselves with the lower class. 4) On pg. 50 Anderson tells about how he overheard a black person mutter â€Å"street nigger† to a black friend after they had a small altercation with a low class black. This shows that the middle and upper class does not associate themselves with the poor and that there is a distinct cultural difference. Everyone here has a much different attitude. Instead of the carefree strolls up the stree t you see everyone â€Å"watching their back†. There is a flagrant disregard for laws in this area. (4) Anderson talked about seeing a young teen walking through Vernon Park drinking a beer in broad daylight. This is something I would never expect to see in a park near my home. After reading Code of the Street and watching both videos I can easily see why there is the disproportionate minority contact in the criminal justice system. The poor inner city is filled with crime due to lack of opportunity. People are going to do whatever they have to do to survive. Since the inner cities are filled with minorities they are the ones targeted by police. If the inner city were filled with white people, there would be the same criminal culture.