Mobile commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mobile commerce - Research Paper Example There is more to be done and areas to be covered so as to realize the potential benefits of global of M-commerce. Its constrains and threats should also be dealt with. The first M-commerce was conducted in 1997 in Helsinki, Finland. Two vending machines for Coca Cola that are mobile enabled were installed. Payments could be made through Short Message Service (SMS). The same year, Merita bank of Finland launched the first banking service that is done through SMS. The sale of digital content started when Radiolinja launched the first commercially downloadable ringtones in 1998. Two great milestones were launched in 1999. These are, Smart money in Philipines and NTT DoCoMos i-Mode in Japan. This is an internet service which offered a revenue-sharing plan between NTT DoCoMos i-Mode and the content owner. M-mobile spread rapidly in 2000. Payments for parking were made through mobile in Norway. This was extended to train ticketing in Australia and purchase of airline tickets in Japan. The potentiality of including medical applications to M-mobile was demonstrated by peter Bentley and UCL Computer Science in 2008 (Venkatesh et al, 2003). The basis for M-commerce is high speed internet connectivity. This is well provided by mobile phones and other mobile devices. Tarasewich (2003) points out that in M-commerce, there are websites called Wandering Atrial Pacemaker (WAP) that are developed specifically for mobile devices and mobile phones. Websites that are enabled by WAP display catalogs of products available for users of mobile phones worldwide. M-commerce has overtaken E-commerce and E-business because mobile devices are easy to use, easily available, user friendly and lightweight. Therefore, M-commerce is simply E-commerce conducted over a mobile phone or other mobile device. M-commerce is more under the control of the customer because customization is possible. Customers can personalize their devices like mobile phones to receive what they want, how and when. It

The smartest guys in the room(movie&book) essay

The smartest guys in the room(movie&book) - Essay Example Another form of malpractice that the company participated in is loaning money to itself in order to conceal debts. They also manipulated California’s’ energy supply using its electricity market. The movie elaborates how thousands of Enron employees lost their job in the scandal albeit their loyalty, while their bosses maintained their wealth. In reality, this movie is a criminal documentary that reveals how the executives of Enron, which was America’s seventh largest company, participated in a pansy scheme and got away. Their investors and employees succumbed to great losses while they walked away with billions of dollars (Sterling 22). An ethical consideration is the rights and duties of an entity to its employees, customers and their fiduciary responsibility towards their investors. These considerations assist in maintaining the integrity of a profession by setting out standards. Professionals found in violation of ethical responsibility are subject to sanctions, withdrawal of licenses and charges by law. It is unfortunate that the pioneers of the pansy scheme involving Enron walked away scot free with billions of dollars while their employees and investors made huge losses. The underlying principle in ethics is choosing the right irrespective of the foreseen or unforeseen consequence. Ultimately, unconditional responsibility that surpasses belief and interest is essential for harmony in human interactions. After watching this film, it important to recognize that community support does not determine ethical standing. A company may donate or fund other projects generously but the behaviors that take place behind t he scenes are the most crucial. Enron was the leading financier of George W. Bush 2000 election campaign but they had many hidden issues (Sterling 63). I believe that justice was served in the Enron scandal. The executives associated with the issue faced

Book report; schlesinger, The Distinguishing of America Term Paper

Book report; schlesinger, The Distinguishing of America - Term Paper Example he thesis that the emphasis on ethnic awareness, especially among public school, is a mistake; that instead of students studying the history that will unite America, they would be studying the history of his or her ethnic origin that is not even a historical fact. According to him, â€Å"the purpose of history is to promote not group self-esteem, but understanding of the world and the past, dispassionate analysis, judgment, and perspective, respect for divergent cultures and traditions, and unflinching protection for those unifying ideas of tolerance, democracy, and human rights that make free historical inquiry possible† (Schlesinger 104). In pushing for his thesis, Schlesinger argued that it is really not beneficial for Afro-Americans to study the history of an ethnic group or country which they have no cultural ties. He used the example of W.E.B. Du Bois to illustrate the detachment of the present generation of Afro-Americans to Africa as saying that â€Å"neither my father nor my father’s father ever saw Africa, or knew its meaning or cared overmuch for it† (Schlesinger 88). Even quoting the great Afro-American civil rights activist Martin Luther King as â€Å"we know nothing of Africa† (Schlesinger 89). In Schlesinger assertion, this can even lead to a distorted sense of history and cultural crisis as students would tend to study the essays written by the likes of Afrocentric writers such as Asa Hilliard and John Henrik Clarke, whose assertion that Africa is the â€Å"mother of Western civilization† has no historical basis, that is grounded more on fiction than documented fact. While it is agreeable that it is very important to study the history and the traditional canon of one’s country of birth (America), the tragedies that molded it, or the nuances of its cultural orientation, the assertion of Schlesinger that extending the historical study to other ethnic roots could distort one’s cultural image or sense of history is rather simplistic. It

Improving Participation of the Staff Meeting in a University Essay

Improving Participation of the Staff Meeting in a University - Essay Example As I noted in my earlier Action Research Project Plan, which basically became the manual for this research, Hill defines management as â€Å"getting things done through and with other people† (Hill, ibid.). As the time has elapsed between writing that plan and concluding this research, I have become even more convinced that co-operation (the â€Å"through and with other people† of Hill’s notion) is an essential behaviour if the work of our group is to prosper.It will be recalled from that project plan that I have chosen to pursue this work through the qualitative paradigm of Action Research as a practitioner- researcher. I hoped during the research to improving my own skills in facilitating meetings and to improve practice through the implementation of change in the way meetings are run in my workplace. To be a successful practitioner- researcher, I understood that I must achieve what Ritchie and Spencer (1994: 173) have called â€Å"actionable outcomes† i n order to bring about the organisational change that I seek but that I must also maintain the academic rigour of the work. I found guidance for my approach to keeping this balance in the research in the work in Argyris' (1999: 432) who has made the social scientist's dilemma of choosing between rigour and relevance central to the way in which he has adapted Lewin's Action Research heritage. He concludes that: From the action researcher's perspective, the challenge is to define and meet standards of appropriate rigor without sacrificing relevance. (Italics in the original) Thus in mid November 2005 I began, with some confidence, to apply the wide range of data gathering techniques (including, collection of documentary evidence, observation, questionnaire, group discussion and analysis of my own reflective research journal) that I had planned earlier. I expected to do this within a highly practitioner centred approach that ensured academic appropriateness, rigour and relevance within the research as a whole. 2. An account of the situation and action to improve it I began the research by applying the data gathering methods that had been foreseen in the Action Research Project Plan. In this section I will report on the usage of these methods and demonstrate how they helped in the data collection process. Whilst each of these tools was used throughout the work, the emphasis and importance of each changed as the programme evolved and moved through the various cycles of the research from Reconnaissance to Review and Reflection. The programme of Reconnaissance data collection took place between the 1st November 2005 and Christmas of the same year with the data being analysed during the Christmas/New Year break. 2.1 Reflective research diary Firstly, I began to write my reflective research journal. This was quite a difficult task to maintain because although the early enthusiasm ensured that I sat down regularly at my computer I found that it was difficult to make the writing "reflective". I began to ask myself "what is it that makes this document a reflective journal and not just a diary" As a result of this difficulty I adopted an approach whereby I first wrote down a record of events and made notes of things that people had said or done during the period that I was recording. This was the diary phase of journal writing and was quite easy. I then got into the habit of going over the work and using the automatic highlighter, would colour code things that struck me as relevant to the ongoing research. It was through this routine that I developed my reflective skills and, for example, identified for myself the fact that one of my co-researchers had tendency to support

To Hang or Not to Hang Essay Example for Free

To Hang or Not to Hang Essay The debate and controversy surrounding the issue of death penalty has been revisited numerous times.   Bohm (1991) rightly concludes that â€Å"over the last decade and a half, few issues have received greater attention in criminology and criminal justice than the proper role of capital punishment in this society.†[1](p.4)   And like most social debates, the battle has been fought beyond the legislative halls and into the everyday grind of daily life.   Opinions are abundant as individuals passionately make the cases in support of or in opposition to the penalty of death.    And through the written word, this writer wishes to contribute to the debate. Thesis   It is this writer’s view that the death penalty should be abolished.   However, it must be clearly stated that this opinion is not primarily founded on the usual moral or religious reasons.   Rather, abolishment of the death penalty should be had as it is a waste of potentially productive human life and is contrary to the interests of the state.   This paper, in the latter sections, will also introduce an alternative model to death penalty that will reconcile the points-of-view of those in favor and those opposed to the penalty. In order to sufficiently discuss the arguments for the abolition, it is necessary that the movement, dubbed the ‘Abolitionist Movement’, be traced to its roots.   According to Schabas (1997), â€Å"the abolitionist movement finds its roots in the writings of European theorists Montesquieu, Voltaire and Bentham, and English Quakers John Bellers and John Howard. However, it was Cesare Beccarias 1767 essay, On Crimes and Punishment that had an especially strong impact throughout the world. In the essay, Beccaria theorized that there was no justification for the states taking of a life.†[2] (p.13)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those in favor of abolishing the death penalty usually present a case founded on the following arguments that the death penalty (1) is a cruel, inhumane and degrading punishment, (2) does not serve as an effective deterrent to crime and (3) is morally reprehensible as only the Supreme Power has the right to take a human life, especially considering that the courts’ pronouncement of guilt may be subject to error.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first argument is reiterated by Amnesty International (AI), the leading international non-governmental Human Rights organization calling for the abolition.   According to AI, â€Å"[a]n execution, just like torture, involves a deliberate assault on a prisoner. Even so-called humane methods such as lethal injection can entail excruciating suffering.†[3]   In Why Abolish the Death Penalty? (2007), the same organization called on the United Nations to abolish the penalty by likening it to torture: â€Å"[l]ike torture, an execution constitutes an extreme physical and mental assault on a person already rendered helpless by government authorities.†[4] If tortuous acts are now found to be universally reprehensible, there is no logical argument why capital punishment could not be considered in the same light.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, the statistics with regard to the relationship between capital punishment and crime rates are contradictory and inconsistent.   Many factors affect criminality in the society: socio-economic conditions, poverty rates, levels of education etc.   By saying that the institution of capital punishment will ensure a crime-free society, or atleast lessen the incidences of criminality, is misleading and uncorroborated by statistical data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thirdly, there is a question of morality involved in this debate. Does the state have the moral ascendancy to take away a person’s life?   There are obviously religious issues that are interlocked within this debate. However, even despite whatever religious arguments there may be, there is still the great issue of the court’s fallibility.   There have been many cases, well-documented at that, wherein a pronouncement of guilt has been overturned. How then could one ensure that we are not killing innocents? Upon closer examination, â€Å"the practice of the death penalty reveals that no criminal justice system is, or conceivably could be, capable of deciding fairly, consistently and infallibly†¦ criminal justice systems are vulnerable to discrimination and error. Expediency, discretionary decisions and prevailing public opinion may influence the proceedings.†[5] Anti-Thesis Those who support the continued application or the reinstitution of the death penalty use the issue of deterrence as their main argument.   It is the first and foremost duty of the state to protect its citizens from dangers to their persons and property.   The death penalty is one way of accomplishing this task. In Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case (2004), Bedau writes that â€Å"[p]erhaps the most straightforward argument for the death penalty is that it saves innocent lives by preventing convicted murderers from killing again.†[6](187) This conclusion is rooted in the logic that for those of reasonable intelligence and unimpaired faculties, there is usually a thought-process (even if short-lived) that precedes the commission of an act; a thought process that weighs the pros, cons and possible consequences. In the above quoted work by Bedau, Professor James Q. Wilson explains that     Ã¢â‚¬Å"[p]eople are governed in their daily lives by rewards and penalties of every sort. We shop for bargain prices, praise our children for good behavior and scold them for bad, expect lower interest rates to stimulate home building and fear that higher ones will depress it, and conduct ourselves in public in ways that lead our friends and neighbors to form good opinions of us. To assert that ‘deterrence doesnt work’ is tantamount to either denying the plainest facts of everyday life or claiming that would-be criminals are utterly different from the rest of us.†[7] (189) â€Å"In order to understand the complex question of capital punishment as a deterrent,† writes Bedau in The Death Penalty in America: An Anthology (1964), â€Å"it is necessary to place it within the context of the nature and purposes of punishments in general. Punishments under law are usually framed with a two-fold purpose—retribution and prevention.†[8](258) A punishment serves to incapacitate the offender in order that he or she will no longer to able to commit more crimes.   This may be done relatively (through incarceration) or absolutely (through capital punishment).   â€Å"But by far the most common way to employ a punishment as a preventative of crime is to adopt a sufficiently severe penalty so as to compel general obedience out of fear of the consequences of disobedience—the classic doctrine of deterrence.†[9] (260) It must be noted that the State is not a gleeful party in this debate that revels with each death of a wayward citizen.   The death of a citizen is a tragic event; tragic but necessary with the view of safeguarding the rest of the unerring population.   Not only will it ensure that rapists and murderers will feel the full brunt of the law’s retribution, it will discourage others with similar deviant tendencies. Those who cry for abolition, twist Sacred Scripture to suit their needs.   An example of how misleading abolitionists’ arguments can be is reflected in this passage from Bedau (1964)[10]: Many who oppose capital punishment make a strong argument out of the Sixth Commandment: Thou shalt not kill ( Exod. 20:13). But they fail to note the commentary on that Commandment which follows: Whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death. If a man willfully attacks another to kill him treacherously, you shall take him from my altar that he may die ( Exod. 21:12,14). It is faulty exegesis to take a verse of Scripture out of its context and interpret it without regard to its qualifying words. (124)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital Punishment, therefore, is a necessary measure to ensure that the state has sufficient leverage against those who commit heinous crimes.   Its modern application is spared for those individuals who have insurmountable evidence against them.   Supporting the death penalty does not mean that there are some people who deserve to die.   Rather, it means that every individual in society deserve to have safe streets for themselves and for their children. Synthesis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like the proponents for each faction in this debate, I too have a passionate argument for the abolition of capital punishment.   However, I oppose it not merely on the bases of the conventional arguments, outline in the first section.   Personally, I am not wholly convinced with the arguments and rationale of either side. To clarify my claim, I cannot in good conscience support capital punishment because it is a waste of a potentially productive human life.   Furthermore, on some level, I feel that death is not the ultimate retribution.   For heinous crimes like the rape of a minor or the murder of a child, as a citizen, I would expect nothing less than the full wrath of the law unto a person. If the death penalty were abolished from systems entirely, the remaining ‘heavy’ retributive method left for the state would be lifetime imprisonment without the possibility of parole.   This would, and is probably already, straining the resources of the states by having to build more prisons with money that could have otherwise gone into other areas of society that need rehabilitation: healthcare, education, etc. Therefore, I see another model as an alternative: Death Penalty should be the choice of the condemned person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the thought of death is unpalatable to the inmate, as it could understandably be, there should be a system of Death row livelihood put into place.   But instead of the inmates getting the revenues or even a portion of it, the money created should either be put back into the government system, using the funds to benefit causes like education that are definitely of more societal worth than expending money on killing these people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many non-threatening jobs that could be done by inmates from the safety of their own prison cells, like sorting mail or doing laundry.   This would create an entire labour force that supports itself.   Unlike slavery or involuntary servitude, these inmates have been found guilty of heinous crimes, none of which (ideally) would be of having the wrong skin-tone.   One of the main reasons for the existence of a penitentiary system is not merely to punish but also to rehabilitate those who have been found of being a danger to the rest of civilized society. How then does killing them or keeping them incarcerated accomplish that? We would be making more animals than saving human beings.   By putting them to work, it would not only make the abolitionists happy but also the coffers of the state would get healthier. And more importantly, it cannot be involuntary servitude should the inmate opt to work instead of being injected with a deadly cocktail, or being electrocuted, hung or shot by a firing squad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Surely after years of human evolution, we can find a better, more intelligent way of punishing those that dare to wreak havoc and endanger the rest of civil society. Reference Page Amnesty International.   Death Penalty. Retrieved from www.amnesty.org on 22 July, 2008 Amnesty International. Why Abolish the Death Penalty (2007). Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.amnesty.org on 22 July, 2008 Bedau, A. (2004). Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case. Oxford University Press. New York. Bedau, A. (1964) The Death Penalty in America: An Anthology. Aldine Publishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chicago. Bohm, R. ed. (1991) The Death Penalty in America: Current Research. Anderson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishing Co. Schabas, W. (1997). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law. Cambridge University Press, second edition    [1] Bohm, R. ed. (1991) The Death Penalty in America: Current Research. Anderson Publishing Co. [2] Schabas, W. (1997). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law. Cambridge University Press, second edition [3] Amnesty International.   Death Penalty. Retrieved from www.amnesty.org on 22 July, 2008 [4] Amnesty International. Why Abolish the Death Penalty (2007). Retrieved from www.amnesty.org on 22 July, 2008 [5] ibid. [6] Bedau, A. (2004). Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case. Oxford University Press. New York. [7] Ibid. [8] Bedau, A. (1964) The Death Penalty in America: An Anthology. Aldine Publishing. Chicago. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid.

Use of Imagery in Oliver Parkers Othello Essay Example for Free

Use of Imagery in Oliver Parkers Othello Essay The symbolism with the chess pieces is very relevant to the issues of the play. It is used to symbolize Iagos control over the main characters. Othello, Desdemona and Cassio and represented by a black king, white queen and white knight respectively. When Iago has finished his soliloquy, he drops the pieces into water. This is done to symbolize the inevitable demise of all 3 characters. The first time we see the chess pieces they are alone on the middle of chessboard with Iago looking over them. This symbolizes Iagos control over the situation and how he is the instigator of the tragedy. This is the major event of symbolism in the movie, however, there are some other examples: The scene with Iago and Othello on the beach is another subtler example of symbolism. The camera shot shows Iago in the lead being followed by Othello. This is symbolic of the way that Iago is leading Othello along, only letting him know so much that he desires more so he hangs on every word Iago says. Camera shots are also used effectively in Othellos return to Venice scene, where he is riding on his horse, fully clad in his battle armor. This is when Othello is at his most noble, his most heroic. The camera shot makes him appear higher than everybody else; giving the impression that he is above them. From this scene on, Othello falls further and further into Iagos trap. The director Oliver Parker uses sexual imagery effectively. It is most prevalent in the scene where Othello is imagining Desdemona and Cassio making love. The scene shows Othello looking helpless and then it quickly flashes to Desdemona and Cassio and then back to Othello. The speed at which the pictures change increases to such a point that it symbolizes the madness Othello is slipping into. At the end, the camera focuses on Desdemona and Cassio as they look into the camera and laugh, as if mocking Othello. Othello falls into an epileptic fit soon after. Before Othello begins having his visions, Iago is once again whispering into his ear. Whenever Iago is lying to Othello, he whispers in his ear. This symbolizes Iago as a devil-like being. Colour and lighting imagery also symbolize the issues of the play. Before  Othello begins to go mad, he generally wears black clothing. When he is about to kill Desdemona, he is wearing a white cape. This is imagery symbolizes a death shroud. Lighting is also used in the scene where Othello kills Desdemona. When Othello is walking down the hallway to Desdemonas bedroom, he is standing in the shadows, blowing out the candles along the way. This symbolizes his transition from: light to darkness, good to evil or sanity to insanity.

Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Analysis Psychology Essay

Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Analysis Psychology Essay Scale measurement is an important element in survey. The survey in this study involved 3 sections, which are section A, section B and section C. Nominal scale was used in survey section A, and ordinal scale was used in survey section B and C. Nominal scale is scale that labels the items rather than scales it (Howell, 2009). It includes male or female and yes or no. Normally it brings no meaning. Ordinal scale is simple rank model. The objects, individuals or events are categorized. It is known as ranked data as the ranking is ordered from highest to lowest or smallest to biggest (Jackson, 2011). Section A was created to gather the socio-demographic characteristics of respondent such as gender, ages, location of study in the UTAR and education level. Figure 3.1 Select your Gender: Male Female There were five dimensions in Section B which contained 20 statements to measure the independent variables. The sequence of these dimensions was social influence, environmental concern, environmental attitude and self-image. In the Section C are contained 5 statements to measure the dependent variable which was green purchasing behavior. In this research, 5-point likert scale is used (5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neutral, 2=disagree and 1= strongly disagree). A 5-point Likert scale is good enough as increase in scale may confuse respondents (Hair, Bush Ortinau, 2003). Likert scale can achieve high degree of validity and reliability (Sarantakos, 1993; cited by Kronberg, 2011). Figure 3.2 3.7 Data Processing After all data had been collected from a sample of the target respondents, data processing is the next step to ensure the data in the standard of quality and complete. 3.7.1 Checking The first step of data processing is to check on questionnaire before it has been distributed. Hence it can reduce the unqualified data such as typing error, inconsistent questions and incomplete content. Therefore, the mistakes can be detected and corrected in advance. In addition, the questionnaire has been passed to our supervisor to double check. Collected data needs to be checked whether the feedback from target respondents are valid for the research. Pilot test has been used to test the reliability and accuracy of the questionnaires. The objective of data checking is to ensure the questionnaires are in quality and completeness. In this stage the grammar error corrections will be done. 3.7.2 Editing Editing is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions in the information returned by the respondents of the research, and to correct the data when possible. 3.7.3 Coding The next process is data coding which involves assigning a number to the participants response so that the data can be entered into a database. The code includes an indication of the column position (field) and data record. For example, the five point likert scale of variable, strongly disagree codes as 1 and strongly agree codes as 5. This coding is simplifying storage of data with digit codes and easier for categorizing when used SPSS software. 3.7.4 Transcribing Transcribing data is a process that transferring coded data from questionnaires or coding sheet into disks or computers for analyzing purpose. The data will pre-check to ensure the data is error free. When the data is transferred in SPSS software, it can be used for the research and generate the accuracy analysis from the questionnaire. 3.8 Data Analysis The raw data collected in research will be further analyzed by statistical method. After the questionnaires were returned to the researcher, the data were recorded and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which was uploaded into Predictive Analysis Software (PASW, previously known as The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS) for more detailed statistical analysis. PASW is a good first statistical package for people who want to perform quantitative research in social science because it is easy to use (Cheah, 2009). In this study, the analysis utilized were descriptive statistics which included frequency distribution, measure of central tendency and measure of dispersion, Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. 3.8.1 Descriptive Analysis Descriptive analysis is used in the research to transform the raw data to a way that is meaningful (Zikmund, 2002). It may include graph, bar, pie chart, or any number that use to describe that raw data. It helps the researchers to summarize the study variables (Parasuraman, Grewal Krishnan, 2004). So that researchers can get to know the results and make interpretation based on descriptive statistics. 3.8.1.1 Reliability Test Reliability refers to dependency or consistency, which indicates that the same things is repeated or recurs under the identical conditions. The reliability of a measure shows the degree to which the measure is without bias (error free) and hence offers consistent measurement across time and across different items in the instrument (Sekaran, 2000). A reliable measure would show the stability and consistency with which the instrument measures the concept and help to access the goodness of a measure. According to Sekaran (2000), a measure with reliability less than 0.6 is considered poor, it should be at least 0.70 or above. The most widely used method to measure reliability is Cronbachs alpha. Cronbachs alpha is used for multipoint-scaled items (items in the scale are at least internal in nature). Generally, Cronbachs alpha will increase when the correlations between the items increase. Alpha value can take values between negative infinity and 1, although only positive values make sense (Cheah, 2009). The value of Cronbachs alpha should be at least 0.6 to be accepted, and the ideal value is 0.7 or above. 3.8.2 Descriptive statistics Descriptive studies are quite frequently undertaken in education institutions to learn about and describe the characteristics of a group of students, such examples as the age and years of education in an education institution. There are three types of measures used in descriptive statistics: frequency distribution and measures of central of tendency and measures of dispersion or variability. Researcher was able to find the frequencies, percentages and determine the mean and standard deviation for the variables in the questionnaires by using descriptive statistics. To understand the use of measurement terms, frequency distribution plays a critical role. According to Leech et al. (2005), frequency distribution is a tally or count of the number of times each score on a single variable occurs. The use of frequency distribution is to show the number of responses to each value of a variable. Normally, variable name, frequency counts for each value of the variable and cumulative percentages for each value related to a variable are shown by a frequency distribution. The distribution is said to be approximately normally distributed when there are small numbers of scores for the low and high values and most scores are for the middle values. The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of data. Typically, the data shows some degree of central tendency with the most responses distributed close to the mean value (Hair, Money, Samouel and Page, 2007). The mean is said to be a robust measure of central tendency as in most instances, it is not sensitive to data values being added or deleted (Hair et al., 2007). According to Joseph et al. (2007), standard deviation describes the spread or variability of the sample distribution values from the mean, and is perhaps the most valuable index of dispersion. 3.8.3 Cronbachs alpha reliability analysis As mentioned earlier, the most commonly type of measurement of internal consistency reliability used is Cronbachs coefficient alpha. When there are several Likert-type items that are summed, alpha is used to make a composite score or summated scale. According to Leech et al. (2005), alpha is based on the mean or average correlation of each item in the scale with every other item. 3.8.2 Inferential Analysis Inferential analysis refers to data analysis which is used to test specific hypothesis (Parasuraman et al., 2004). According to Greer Kolbe (2003), inferential statistics include drawing conclusions from information obtained in the data. 3.8.4 Pearson correlation analysis Sekaran (2003) stated that when the researcher interested in defines the important variables associated with the problem, the study is called correlation study. For example, correlation studies can be undertaken to find out whether any relationship between gender and income level exists? If yes, positive or negative relationship? The index ranges in value from -1 to +1, with zero indicating absolutely no relation between two variables. This coefficient indicates the degree that low or high scores on one variable tend to go to with low or high scores on another variable. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between the independent variables (social influence, environmental concern, environmental attitude and concern for self-image in environmental protection) and dependent variable (green purchasing behavior). 3.8.5 Multiple regression analysis Multiple regression is a widely used statistical technique in sociology. The result of multiple regression can generate two things (Neuman, 2009). First, a measure called R-squared (R2) in the result can tell how well a set of variables explain a dependent variable. In other word, it shows the accuracy of predicting the dependent variable based on the information about the independent variables. For example, an R2 of .50 means that knowing the independent variables improve the accuracy of predicting the dependent variable by 50 percent (Neuman, 2009). The second thing generated by multiple regression is the measurement of the direction and size of the effect of each independent variable on a dependent variable (Neuman, 2009). For instance, the way how five independent or controlling variables simultaneously affect a dependent variable, with all the variables controlling the effects of one another can be seen by researcher. According to Neuman (2009), a standardized regression coefficient is used to measure the effect on the dependent variable. It is similar to a correlation coefficient (Neuman, 2009). A high standardized regression coefficient indicates a strong relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable. 3.9 Chapter Summary Research methodology is important as it can help researcher to systematically resolve the research problem. In this chapter, research framework and hypotheses are clarified. The other sections of this chapter include data sources, sampling design, data collection and data analysis.